This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Calcitriol on cellular death in HeLa cells via autophagy and turn over due to mitochondria homeostasis.HeLa cell lines were grown in 24-well plates and treated with Calcitriol at varying doses (0.013 μM-0.325 μM) for varying time periods (2, 6, 12, and 18 h). Cell proteins were extracted with scrapers and lysed using RIPA buffer. Western blots were performed for proteins involved with autophagy (Lc3, p62), signaling (mTOR, PI3K, HIF1α), mitochondria (PGC1α, COX4, and Tom 20), and apoptosis (Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and PARP). Protein carbonyl levels were determined by measuring the indirect ROS level. An inhibition study using L-mimosine was performed to analyze the significance of HIF1α.Calcitriol treatment induced cytotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner and caused growth arrest in HeLa cells. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway was activated, leading to inhibition of autophagy and alterations in mitochondria biogenesis homeostasis. Treatment with Calcitriol produced protein carbonyl levels similar to those in the cisplatin-treated and control groups. Increased ROS levels may cause toxicity and induce cell death specifically in cancer cells but not in normal cells. The inhibition of HIF1α partially rescued the HeLa cells from the toxic effects of Calcitriol treatment.We suggest that Calcitriol may shut down mitochondrial homeostasis in HeLa cells by inducing the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and inhibiting autophagy, which leads to cell death.
Background: To avoid antibiotic resistance, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) require the use of appropriate antibiotics. As a result, having the appropriate knowledge and perceptions is critical for achieving successful clinical outcomes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships and differences in knowledge and perceptions about antibiotics and ARI in urban and suburban communities in the Karawang Regency of West Java Province, Indonesia. Methods: We used a validated questionnaire approach to conduct a cross-sectional study in primary health care facilities. We surveyed 440 respondents from urban areas and 464 respondents from suburban areas. Results: Respondents in both urban and suburban areas agreed that self-diagnosis should not be used to prescribe antibiotics. False knowledge and perceptions about antibiotic use were more prevalent in suburban respondents than urban respondents. Additionally, a significant correlation between education levels and knowledge and perception was observed in both areas. Furthermore, significant correlations between age and occupation, as well as knowledge and perceptions, were identified in urban areas. Conclusion: Our study suggests that additional efforts are needed to increase awareness and ensure appropriate antibiotic use in the community.
To update the guidelines regarding vitamin D status in respiratory distress syndrome, we reviewed recent human and animal studies on the benefits of vitamin D in respiratory distress. We searched PubMed and ProQuest for studies on the use of vitamin D from 2009 to 2017. The common parameters in these studies included the use of lung tissue, phospholipids, blood, and plasma to assess the effects of vitamin D on respiratory syndrome. The metabolized form of vitamin D used in these studies was 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in animal studies and 25(OH)D in human studies. Vitamin D supplementation decreases the risk of respiratory distress syndrome, improves the quality of life, and is relatively effective and safe for preterm neonates as well as during lung maturation. However, although vitamin D supplementation may offer benefits for respiratory distress syndrome, the optimal dosing strategies for specific types of risk factors in the lungs must be clarified to confirm the therapeutic efficacy.
Since people and domesticated animals have lived together for a long time, it is possible that diseases could be spread by accident, as happened with SARS-CoV-2. There have been reports of cats in Italy, Spain, and France being exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Not much is known about how farmed animals were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia, which was named the epicenter of COVID-19 in July 2021. The study's goal was to determine if SARS-CoV-2 was present in felines living with people who had COVID-19 in the Bandung, Indonesia, area. Nineteen felines were used in the study. These felines came from seven people who had tested positive for COVID-19. For RT-qPCR testing, samples were taken from the nose, oropharynx, and rectal areas. Blood sera were taken for quick IgM/IgG antibody tests for SARS CoV-2. Using RT-qPCR on nasopharyngeal samples from the felines being studied, it has been seen that four of them have tested positive. But it is interesting to note that only one of these people could be found using a rectal test. There was no clear sign of antibody formation when IgM/IgG rapid test results from blood samples were looked at. The felines that showed positive results were very close to their caretakers and had symptoms that were similar to those of influenza. The results of our study show that there is a chance that SARS-CoV-2 could be passed on to felines who live with people who have COVID-19. Because of this finding, more study needs to be done in this area.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) adalah virus merusak kekebalan tubuh. Tingginya kasus penderita HIV di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun maka diperlukannya pengembangan obat baru yang memiliki target spesifik dan selektivitas yang tinggi terhadap terapi HIV. Sampai sekarang terapi menggunakan antiretroviral merupakan pengobatan paling efektif dalam menghambat infeksi virus pada tubuh tetapi tidak menyembuhkan HIV. Saquinavir merupakan salah satu obat antiretroviral jenis protease inhibitor yang digunakan dalam pengobatan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh HIV. Saquinavir bekerja memperlambat replikasi HIV dalam tubuh dengan cara mencegah enzim protease yang berperan sebagai pemotong sehingga proses replikasi virus bisa dihambat. Pada penelitian dilakukan untuk memprediksi potensi senyawa obat baru yang berasal dari turunan obat saquinavir sebagai antivirus HIV-1. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui potensi senyawa obat baru maka dilakukan penelitian pra-experimental yaitu dengan kimia komputasi meliputi prediksi sifat fisikokimia berdasarkan kaidah Hukum Lima Lipinski memanfaatkan situs online SwissADME dan penambatan molekuler menggunakan Autodock VIna . Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa senyawa turunan saquinavir tidak memenuhi kaidah Hukum Lima Lipinski. Hasil penambatan molekuler menunjukan bahwa senyawa turunan saquinavir tidak lebih spesifik dan selektivitas terhadap enzim protease HIV jika dibandingkan dengan ligan aslinya yaitu saquinavir. Berdasarkan hal tersebut senyawa turunan saquinavir diprediksi tidak memiliki potensi menghambat enzim protease pada HIV-1 sebaik ligan asli Kata kunci: HIV-1, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Saquinavir.
The means to improve of public health can be carried out through promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative. Promotive are a series of efforts to provide learning experiences for individuals, families and communities to influence behavior, in order to maintain, and improve of health. Promotive activities can be carried out in the form of counseling to the community with the aim to increasing knowledge. This service aims to provide information to the public regarding the prevention of degenerative diseases by consuming fruits. The method used is in the form of lectures, questions and answers, and measuring the increase of public knowledge through questionnaires given before and after counseling. The target of this service is the residents and officials of Bengle Village, Karawang Regency. The result of this service activity is the increased of public knowledge about degenerative diseases.
Herbal medicine is a hereditary heritage from our ancestors, especially the Indonesian people, whose natural wealth is abundant, the number of enthusiasts and the community's need for herbal medicine has an impact on producers who want to sell their products as much as possible, the way producers sell more products is by offering the advantages of their products, one of them is by offering a quick effect of herbal medicine, here is the beginning of suspicion of the addition of medicinal chemicals, as it is known everywhere that getting the effect of a traditional medicine is not instant. The researcher intends to identify the presence of the chemical drug phenylbutazone which is added to herbal preparations. The methods used were Thin Layer Chromatography to determine the presence or absence of medicinal chemicals and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry to determine the levels of herbal preparations which indicated positive drug chemical phenylbutazone. The results obtained from the identification of Thin Layer Chromatography 3 out of 5 samples indicated positive for the chemical drug phenylbutazone. Samples indicated as positive for the chemical drug phenyl-butazone were then measured using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and the results for sample 1 were 4.783% for sample, sample 2 was 2.184%, and sample 4 was 4.565%. Keywords: Herbal Medicine, Phenylbutazone, Aches and Pains, Thin Layer Chromatography, Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry
Introduction: Disposal of unused medications through environmentally unsafe routes is common in Indonesia. The lack of awareness of the impact of improperly disposed of medications is a significant contributing factor. The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with lack of awareness of the impact of improperly disposed of unused medications and to assess the associations of awareness with medication disposal practices among the general population in Indonesia. Patients and methods: An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted using nonprobability sampling in Bandung, Indonesia, from November 2017 to January 2018 among respondents who were older than 18 years, had used any medication in the past, were literate, and had signed an informed consent document. Disposal practices and awareness regarding the impact of improperly disposed of unused medications were collected using an online- and a paper-based pre-validated questionnaire. The paper-based questionnaires were distributed to respondents in public places such as city center, markets, and religious places. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess associations of sociodemographic and other related factors with a lack of awareness. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Results: Of 497 participating respondents, 433 and 64 respondents filled an online- or a paper-based questionnaire, respectively. Most respondents were female, aged between 18 and 30 years, and students/university students. Of 497 respondents, more than half (53.1%) were not aware that improper medication disposal could harm the environment and population health. Most respondents (79.5%) had never received information about proper medication disposal practices. The education level, the number of stored medications at home, and previous education about medication disposal practices were significantly associated with awareness of proper practices. In the multivariate analysis, only those with previous education about medication disposal practices were less likely to report a lack of awareness (OR: 0.043; 95% CI: 0.02–0.09). Respondents with a lack of awareness tended to dispose of their unused medications in the garbage or shared them with friends or relatives. Conclusion: There is a clear need to increase awareness of the importance of proper medication disposal practices, in particular among the student population of Bandung city, Indonesia. Healthcare providers can play an important role by educating this specific population on the proper disposal of unused medications.
Abstract: Cancer has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease is classified broadly by tissue, organ, and system; different cancer types and subtypes require different treatments. Drug bioavailability, selectivity, and high dosage, as well as extended treatment, are significantly associated with the development of resistance – a complex problem in cancer therapy. It is expected that the combination of anticancer drugs and drug delivery systems, using polymers to increase the access of such agents to their site of action, will improve the efficacy of therapy. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a polymer used as a co-delivery system for anticancer drugs and gene therapy. PEI is also useful for other purposes, such as transfection and bio-adsorbent agents. In co-delivery, PEI can promote drug internalization. However, PEI with a high molecular weight is linked to higher cytotoxicity, thus requiring further evaluation of clinical safety. This review focuses on the utilization of PEI as a co-delivery system for anticancer therapy, as well as its potential to overcome resistance, particularly in the treatment of specific subtypes (eg, breast cancer). In conclusion, PEI has promising applications and is improvable for the development of anticancer drugs. Keywords: polyethyleneimine, polymer cationic, co-delivery system, cancer, breast cancer, therapy
Celah langit-langit dan bibir sering terjadi akibat kegagalan penyatuan langit-langit dan bibir selama masa perkembangan janin. Sekitar 90% penderita celah langit-langit akan mengalami gangguan telinga tengah dan menimbulkan gangguan pendengaran. Kelainan telinga tengah pada penderita celah langit-langit pada derajat 2 umumnya terjadi pada obstruksi fungsional pada tuba eustakius sehingga terjadi kegagalan otot palatal untuk membuka tuba eustakius. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi hubungan derajat celah langit-langit dengan keadaan telinga tengah pada pasien dengan celah langit-langit. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan rancangan potong lintang. Subjek penelitian adalah penderita celah langit-langit yang datang berobat ke poliklinik bedah mulut di YPPCBL Bandung dan poliklinik Telinga, Hidung, Tenggorok-Bedah Kepala dan Leher (THT-KL) pada tahun 2018 di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung sebanyak 30 subjek. Data penelitian didapatkan dari anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik THT-KL dan pemeriksaan timpanometri untuk mengetahui keadaan telinga tengah subjek penelitian. Data yang terkumpul dilakukan analisis data menggunakan uji regresi linear melalui nilai p≤0,05 untuk melihat derajat hubungannya. Keadaan telinga tengah di kedua sisi memberikan gambaran semakin bertambah derajat celah langit-langit maka timpanogram lebih banyak tipe B diikuti dengan jumlah penderita celah abnormalnya. Dari 30 subjek penelitian, didapatkan sebanyak 20% pada derajat 3 dan 66,7% pada derajat 4 memiliki timpanogram tipe B di telinga kanan, sedangkan pada telinga kiri, didapatkan 6,7% pada derajat 2 memiliki tipmanogram tipe As, 20% pada derajat 3 dan 66,7% pada derajat 4 memiliki timpanogram tipe B. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara derajat celah langit-langit dengan keadaan telinga tengah berdasarkan timpanogram. Kata kunci: Celah langit-langit, derajat celah langit-langit, keadaan telinga tengah, timpanogram The Correlation Between the Cleft Palate Severity and the Middle Ear Condition Based on the Tympanogram in Cleft Palate Patients Abstract Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are congenital anomalies caused by the failure of palate and lip fusion during fetal development which is influenced by numerous factors. Approximately 90% of CLP patients develop middle ear disorders leading to loss of hearing. Middle-ear disorders in cleft palate patients starting from grade 2, are bound to cause functional obstruction in the eustachian tube, due to the palatal muscle’s failure to open the eustachian tube. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the association between the cleft palate severity and the middle ear condition in these patients, using an analytic-observational method with a cross-sectional design. The study subjects were 30 cleft palate patients admitted to the oral surgery polyclinic at YPPCBL Bandung and ORL-HNS Polyclinic Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records, while ORL-HNS physical examination and tympanometry examination were performed to determine the middle ear condition. Subsequently, a regression analysis was conducted to determine the degree of association. According to the results, an increase in the cleft palate severity increases the prevalence of type-B tympanogram, with an increasing number of CLP patients. Among the study subjects, about 20% of grade 3 and 66.7% of grade 4 had type-B tympanogram in the right ear, while in the left ear, 6.7% of grade 2 had type-As tympanogram, and 20% of grade 3, as well as 66.7% of grade 4, had type-B tympanogram. Therefore, the cleft palate severity is significantly correlated with the middle ear condition, based on the tympanogram. Keywords: Cleft palate, cleft palate severity, middle ear condition, tympanogram
