Cereals are the most growing crops under organic conditions. Cereals are supposed to be a source of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species. Our research was led to describe the differences among natural Fusarium species occurrence in two localities and two growing systems â organic and conventional. The main differences were observed among years and cereal species. No statistically significant differences were determined between localities and farming systems. Keywords: Fusarium natural occurrence, organic farming, conventional farming
Wheat is an important food grain source that nurtures millions of people around the world. Not only does wheat contain a large number of nutrients such as protein, wet gluten, etc., but also it has a lot of antioxidants such as dietary fibre, tocopherols, tocotrienols, etc. In a majority of cases, attention has been drawn to evaluate the grain yield and its components rather than its quality. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the differences between minority wheat species and common wheat to determine the best rheological characteristics, technological quality as well as correlations between rheological and technological traits. The results revealed that hulled wheat species had a high protein content and wet gluten content. Einkorn and emmer were not suitable for 'classical' baking processing. But there is potential for other products, e.g. wheat rice (einkorn) or pasta (emmer). Spelt should be possible to be used in 'classical' baking industry, but the best solution is to use grain as a mixture with bread wheat. Also, this study showed a genotype variation in the antioxidant activity of einkorn, emmer, spelta and Triticum aestivum.
Fusarium infestation and DON content were studied in genetic resources of spring wheat (einkorn, emmer wheat, spelt wheat, intermediate forms of bread wheat). The study aimed at the comparison of grain contamination rates in various wheat species being grown in organic farming systems. The trials were established on certified organic parcels in two different localities in the Czech Republic in 2009 and 2010. The PCR method and specific primers were used to detect Fusarium. The proportion of deoxynivalenol (DON) was indicated and measured by the immuno-affinity chromatography (ROSA® DON Quantitative Test). The grain DON contamination rate (1.25 mg/kg) was set up in compliance with the European Commission (EC) Regulation No. 1126/2007. This regulation sets up limits that have never been exceeded in any of the varieties. The strongest contamination rate was identified in grains of the control bread wheat varieties, and in the SW Kadrilj cultivar (0.98 mg/kg) being grown in Ceske Budejovice. On the other hand, quite a low proportion of DON was detected in the hulled wheat varieties (einkorn, emmer wheat, spelt wheat). Hull may serve as a protection of grains there, as it is eliminated just before the processing of grains. The occurence of Fusarium was influenced by a grown wheat species. The occurence of Fusarium poae in grains was influenced (P<0.01) by a reduced resistance of the crop stand to lodging (r=0.58). The occurence of this Fusarium species was the weakest one. Grains were less contaminated with Fusarium culmorum, whereas the contamination rate was dominantly influenced by the year, einkorn and emmer wheat were the least infested wheat species. Fusarium graminearum provoked the strongest and most serious contamination of grains. The proportion of DON in grains (r=0.69) was influenced (P<0.01) by the Fusarium graminearum contamination rate. Spring spelt wheat varieties were the least infested ones (Spalda bila jarni, VIR St. Petersburg). On the other hand, landraces of bread wheat and both control bread wheat varieties were the most contaminated ones (as they contained the highest proportion of DON in grains).
Ability of wheat flour to create viscoelastic properties of dough depends on character of wheat proteins.When the flour is mixed with specific amount of water, proteins hydrate, go to interactions with specific carbohydrates and lipids and make gluten.The quality of gluten for specific final utilization depends on combination of many physical and chemical properties of the protein complex and is determined especially by optimal combination of storage proteins -gliadins and glutenins.Each of them affect rheology in a different way -viscosity is affected by gliadins (solubled in alcohol) and elasticity by glutenins (solubled in weak solutions of hydroxides and acids).Fifteen varieties of winter wheat, representing different quality classes (E, A, B, C) and different soil-climatic conditions of the Czech Republic, were used for evaluation of protein fraction composition based on discontinual sequential fractionation according to Osborne (albumins, globulins, gliadins, glutenins) and determination of parameters of technological quality of the wheat grain.Better specification of the wheat varieties for different ways of utilization will be possible based on information about relationships between protein fractions composition in the wheat grain and parameters of technological quality of wheat.It is evident from our results, that for production of quality wheat for baking, warmer conditions (such as in the sugar beet region) are better because they are better for protein synthesis in plants.Wheat varieties grown in colder conditions (cereal growing regions) typically had a higher content of starch, lower farinographic parameters and worse results of baking experiments.Wheat production from better regions should be exploitable for other ways of use (wheat for biscuits, starch, ethanol, fodder purposes).Effect of wheat grain protein fractions composition on technological quality is evident from results, too.Varieties with higher content of glutenins behaved as a technologically better varieties, suitable for baking utilization (production of the rise dough).These varieties reached for higher values of Zeleny sedimentatin index, better values of rheological parameters (farinograph, extensograph) and higher yield of bread in baking experiments.
Organic farmers have become more interested in the marginally grown (neglected) cultivars, as spring forms of the hulled wheat varieties (eincorn, emmer wheat, spelta wheat) or intermediate forms of the soft wheat. 173 land races from the gene bank at the RI in Praha-Ruzyně were grown on the organic certified parcel and evaluated in 2008. The trial aimed to evaluate the conditions of the competitiveness to weeds, tolerance to diseases, assimilation of the sun shine and establishment of the yield. The results show that all the evaluated material inclines to the competitiveness to weeds. This ability is, nevertheless, reduced because of the inclination to the lodging (all the cultivars have long weak stalks). Eincorn and emmer wheat are resistant to mildew and brown rust, spelta wheat is less resistant cultivar and the intermediate cultivars incline to disease attack very much. Eincorn and emmer wheat have short and dense spikes, spelta wheat has long and sparse spikes. Perspective materials have been found in the study and trials. We are going to focus on a possible increase of the resistance to lodging, choice of the resistant cultivars to funga diseases and increase of the spike productivity.
Emmer wheat is suitable for organic and low-input farming systems, as it contributes to the enhancement of agrobiodiversity and an extension of the range of crop species with a higher added value. Although it has been grown for a very long time, it is now rarely utilised. The results of research into and examination of six cultivars coming from the genetic resources of the gene bank in Prague are presented. Particular morphological, biological, economic and quality characteristics were examined in respect of a cultivar’s ideotype for the organic farming system. A number of criteria for selection were proposed on the basis of an examination of particular characteristics and relationships. They respect the principles of breeding of cultivars for the organic farming system and are likely to lead to more frequent growing of the emmer wheat cultivars. Attention should be paid to the selection of cultivars having long and dense spikes. Long plants are more suitable, as they are resistant to lodging. Tolerance to wheat diseases has also to be taken into consideration, and such resistant material is an important part of the choice. The reduction of crude protein in grain, which has been noted in soft wheat, has to be limited in the selection of material in order to provide a high yield level. A positive correlation would allow enhancement of spike productivity via the selection of cultivars which have a higher thousand grain weight, and total number and weight of grains in the spikes. In addition to the high protein content in grain, high wet gluten content and low starch content in grain should also be criteria for selection.
Organic farming has been developing worldwide over the last few decades. However, the crucial problem has not been resolved yet – a lack of suitable varieties. It is a serious factor limiting this development. Breeding is a very demanding and expensive process; special varieties are not bred for the organic farming from many crops then. A concept called participatory plant breeding“ (PPB) is a possibility for resolving this problem. It is based on a direct involvement and participation of a farmer in the breeding process. Undemanding and cheap breeding methods are chosen there – they do not require any special education or equipment from the farmers involved. Training and professional surveillance are sufficient there. One of PPB methods has been already used and tested in our climatic conditions – a selection. As far as various wheat species originating from the genetic resources are concerned, the most important production parameters of original seeds and seeds coming from plants selected repeatedly have been studied and evaluated. Production parameters are positive (number of spikes, yield). Some other characteristics (the genetically-conditioned ones) are neutral or of a minimum effect. Considering results of our research, PPB method is highly recommended for improving economic characteristics of less bred or completely inbred crops.
Fusarium Head Blight is caused by several Fusarium species.Infections can result in mycotoxin contamination on cereals and associated foods.Harvested products are contaminated due to its secondary metabolites.The aim was to analyse the occurrence of spike Fusarium and Alternaria spp. in hulled Triticum spelta L. wheat species via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and the deoxynivalenol (DON) content analysis.Three varieties of spelt were used (Ceralio and Rubiota -winter and one spring form variety from genetics resources).Grains were sown in a randomized complete block design on organic certified experimental parcels during the years of 2011 and 2013.During the vegetation period plants were artificially inoculated with Fusarium spp.The occurrence of spike Fusarium and Alternaria spp. was assessed by the PCR method -DNA extracting and determination of Fusarium species and Alternaria spp.by the DNA markers and PCR method.DON content was analysed by ROSA®-DON Quantitative test.Strong infestation of grains with Fusarium spp.led to low contamination of grains with Alternaria spp.The technological operation of grain dehulling was performed and it was highly efficient there.The grain contamination by Fusarium spp.and Alternaria spp.decreased.Hulls protect grains to a certain point because of protection against Fusarium spp.and Alternaria spp.occurrence which produce harmful secondary metabolites.On the other hand the protection of grain by hulls only partly works.It is also important to pay attention to chemism of secondary metabolites in grain.
A high level of drought tolerance is an important objective in breeding new generation wheat varieties. A group of six landraces of the emmer wheat ( Triticum diccocum Schrank), as well as two landraces, two old cultivars and two modern varieties of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated for their ability to discriminate 13 C, a trait related to stomatal closure and consequently, an important component tolerance to drought. Three emmer wheat landraces and one of the bread wheat landraces has the lowest. Therefore, emmer wheat may play the role of a donor of the tolerance to drought in wheat breeding programs targetting drought prone conditions. Key words: Emmer wheat, bread wheat, drought tolerance, carbon isotope ratio, discrimination.
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