Background/Aim: The association of dietary patterns representing multiple dietary components and breast cancer risk is not clearly understood. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of the association between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk. Materials and Methods: The original articles included, were published between January 2013 and May 2017 and characterized diets using a priori and posteriori approaches to examine associations between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk. A novel scoring matrix was used to grade posteriori dietary pattern alignment with the American Cancer Society dietary guidelines. Results: Seventeen case-control and nested case-control studies identified 15 healthy, and 10 unhealthy, dietary patterns determined posteriori, and 7 dietary indices determined a priori. Vegetables were consistently found in breast cancer protective patterns whereas saturated fat and red and processed meats were consistently found in patterns associated with increased breast cancer risk. Conclusion: Findings suggest that dietary patterns that include vegetables and limit saturated fat and red and processed meats may lower breast cancer risk.
®A healthful diet is associated with reduced-risk for overweight/obesity and related chronic diseases. The nutritional quality of the food choices people make is influenced by a multitude of factors, and food environment in the home has been shown to be of significant consequence in this regard. Current models of the home food environment include sociocultural factors such as family meal patterns and cooking frequency and ability. Research has shown that increased frequency of family meals is related to healthier diets; however confidence in meal preparation and cooking in general is declining. Further, time spent on food preparation has declined over the last decade.
Objective To utilize a modified DASH diet (mDASH) to minimize glucose variability in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Previous testing of a traditional DASH diet resulted in a greater standard deviation (SD) and lability index (LI) compared to a usual diet since the DASH diet had a lower percentage of energy from fat (21% compared to 36% on a usual diet). Thus, we tested a reformulated DASH diet with increased fat (30% of energy), a level which still complies with the American Diabetes Association guidelines for meal planning. Methods: Eleven adolescents with T1D (11‐17y) recruited from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center consumed their usual diet first and then a mDASH diet. Each diet was given for 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. Results: mDASH was higher in fruits, vegetables, fiber, protein, magnesium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin E (all p<0.01), and vitamin C (p=0.02), while lower in sodium (p<0.01) than usual intake. No significant differences in average blood glucose (BG), SD, LI, low BG index, high BG index, or glycemic risk assessment in diabetes equation. Postprandial (PP) glucose indices were lower on mDASH (average BG at 2h PP (p=0.026), and there was a trend for less time spent with BG >140 mg/dL (p=0.10), although also a trend for more time spent <70mg/dL (p=0.078), overall suggesting reduced BG excursions. Conclusions Minimizing daily BG excursions has long term cardiovascular benefits thus, the mDASH may be useful to reduce cardiovascular risk in this high risk group. Support: Institutional Clinical and Translational Science Award, NIH/NCRR Grant # 8UL1TR000077
The identification of modifiable risk factors associated with cardiometabolic traits is critical for improving health outcomes in persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The adverse effects of trans fatty acids from industrial hydrogenation of oils on health outcomes are well‐documented, but less is known about the health effects of trans fatty acids produced from biohydrogenation by bacteria in ruminant gut, such as trans palmitoleic acid (TPA; 16:1n‐7t). We examined the association between plasma TPA and cardiometabolic outcomes using data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, an ongoing multi‐center observational cohort study of youth with diabetes diagnosed at < 20 years of age. Participants included those with physician‐diagnosed T1D and positive diabetes autoantibody (glutamic acid decarboxylase‐65 or insulinoma‐associated‐2 autoantibodies) at enrollment (n=826; diabetes duration mean=10.0 mo). Cross‐sectional, linear regression models adjusted for confounders (gender, age, diabetes duration, human leukocyte antigen risk, insulin regimen, insulin dose, race and ethnicity, study site, and maximum parental education) identified a positive association of plasma TPA with low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (β=2.1; p=0.02), total cholesterol (β=3.1; p=0.003), and diastolic blood pressure (β=0.9; p=0.003), as well as a positive association with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (β=0.8; p=0.002). No association was observed between TPA with HbA1C, insulin sensitivity, triglycerides, body mass index z‐score, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. An adjusted repeated measures model using a smaller sample of participants who had data at baseline and at a follow‐up visit (either 12‐ or 24‐months after baseline visit; n=379) yielded identical results. Findings suggest a differential and complex relationship of TPA on various cardiometabolic traits in youth with T1D. Additional research is needed to determine long‐term effects of plasma TPA on cardiometabolic health in youth with T1D and identify the mechanisms by which TPA may impact these traits. Support or Funding Information 2R01DK077949‐05
