Abstract The proliferation of electronic devices and wireless communication in our daily lives has led to a significant increase in electromagnetic pollution. This issue poses a serious threat to the proper functioning of electronic equipment as well as human health. Therefore, the investigation of materials with superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding capabilities has garnered growing interest. In this paper, the mechanisms of EMI shielding were first introduced briefly. It was noted that the development of advanced EMI shielding materials involved adhering to principles such as minimizing reflection loss, enhancing absorption loss, and incorporating multiple internal reflections. The construction and shielding properties of traditional EMI shielding materials were introduced. Unlike metal materials with high densities and reflection loss, lightweight conductive polymer composites (CPCs) have been the most promising EMI shielding materials. Meanwhile, carbon‐based nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets, along with two‐dimensional transition metal carbonitrides MXenes Ti 3 C 2 T x , have emerged as the most promising and versatile conductive nanofillers for CPCs. The EMI shielding performance and loss mechanism of CPCs with homogeneous structure, segregated structure, laminated structure, and porous structure were introduced in detail. It was noted that the EMI shielding performance could be significantly improved by incorporating multiple structures into the same CPCs, such as a rational combination of segregated and porous structures. Finally, the challenges and development trends of CPCs for EMI shielding applications were discussed. Highlights Mechanisms of EMI shielding were introduced from aspect of energy dissipation. Structure–property of traditional EMI shielding materials was described. EMI shielding performance of CPCs with different structures was summarized. Future challenges and growing trends of CPCs for EMI shielding were discussed. Absorption‐dominated loss and multiple structure design were emphasized.
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation method was used in this study to simulate the indoor thermal environment affected by three air-supply modes, upper-supply bottom-return mode, upper-supply top-return mode, and bottom-supply top-return mode, in the condition of the fixed point heat source, and explored the change rule of the predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) affected by the three air-supply modes. A suitable air-conditioning supply mode might better meet the requirements of human to the indoor thermal environment. The results, based on the calculation and analysis of indoor air distribution, temperature field, and thermal comfort, showed that the mixing degree of supply air and indoor air of upper-supply mode was better than that of bottom-supply mode, and the uniformity of temperature distribution of upper-supply top-return pattern was better. Moreover, in the personal breathing zone (0.8–1.6 m), the pattern of upper-supply top-return obtained the lowest PPD value. It can be seen that the mode of upper-supply top-return is more comfortable according to the evaluation index of human thermal comfort.
Osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory degenerative joint arthritis, which exacerbates disability in elder persons. The molecular mechanisms of osteoarthritis are elusive. Ubiquitination, one type of post-translational modifications, has been demonstrated to accelerate or ameliorate the development and progression of osteoarthritis via targeting specific proteins for ubiquitination and determining protein stability and localization. Ubiquitination process can be reversed by a class of deubiquitinases via deubiquitination. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the multifaceted role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. We also describe the molecular insight of deubiquitinases into osteoarthritis processes. Moreover, we highlight the multiple compounds that target E3 ubiquitin ligases or deubiquitinases to influence osteoarthritis progression. We discuss the challenge and future perspectives via modulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases expression for enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy in osteoarthritis patients. We conclude that modulating ubiquitination and deubiquitination could alleviate the osteoarthritis pathogenesis to achieve the better treatment outcomes in osteoarthritis patients.
This study was carried out to analyze contrastively two modes of air conditioning with the bottom-supply and the stratum ventilation by combined the numerical simulation with the physical experiment in the laboratory. The changing rules of indoor thermal environment, human body thermal comfort and energy utilization efficiency under two kinds of air supply mode were explored. The mode of the supply air with the better distribution of indoor thermal environment and the better human comfort was gained to meet the requirements of green air conditioning for the human. The studied results showed that, according to the evaluation index of human thermal comfort and the energy utilization efficiency, the mode of bottom-supply air conditioning was better than the mode of stratum ventilation. So it might be suitable to select the mode of bottom-supply in the design of air conditioning engineering for office buildings to meet the requirements of human on indoor comfort air-conditioning.
Abstract A transient heat transfer model was established for the parabolic trough solar collector (PTC) in this study. Based on a homemade code, the dynamic performance of a PTC was simulated for three different sun-tracking systems in various climate regions according to building thermal design and solar energy distribution in China. The result indicated that difference of annual collector efficiency for diverse climates was not obvious. However, net annual heat gain in sun-rich areas was almost four times as much as that in sun-absent areas for the same sun tracking system. For the same region, annual efficiency and net heat gain of the horizontal north-south axis system were 1.21∼1.47 and 1.29∼1.57 times as much as that of the horizontal east-west axis system, while those for the system with two axes sun tracking were 1.63∼1.75 and 1.70∼1.93 times as much as that of the horizontal east-west axis system respectively. For most climate regions investigated in this study, the difference of net monthly heat gain of the system with horizontal east-west axis was the least, followed by the two axes and horizontal north-south axis system.
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