Fasciolosis is a zoonotic disease, considered an emerging neglected tropical disease threatening ruminant productivity and causing economic losses. Controlling fasciolosis is challenging due to the complex life cycle of Fasciola, which involves snail vectors. The high rainfall status in Taiping makes it an optimal region for snail vector abundance, which maintains Fasciola development. Previous studies showed that liver condemnation caused by fasciolosis was highly prevalent in the Taiping abattoir compared to other investigated main abattoirs of Peninsular Malaysia. The present study determined bovine fasciolosis's prevalence and risk factors in selected farms from the district of Larut and Matang (Taiping), Malaysia. Sampling was carried out from February until August 2020. A total of 371 faecal samples from bovine (dairy cattle, beef cattle, buffalo) from 23 selected farms were examined in this cross-sectional study. Animal and farm details were recorded, and interview sessions were conducted with farmers to collect information on the risk factors. Faecal samples were examined for the presence of Fasciola egg using Flukefinder® sedimentation. There were moderate prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in Taiping (36.9%, n=137/371). Significant risk factors (p<0.05) were observed, which include buffalo group (OR=9.5), age of more than 3 years (OR=5.5), body condition score which is lower than score-5 (OR=1.2-14.9), and larger grazing area (OR=1.3). Additional risk factors include the presence of more than one ruminant species in the same farm (OR=2.0-2.1), extensive housing system (OR=4.0), farm age (OR=1.2), and also co-infection with Paramphistomes (OR=1.4). The present study underscores the importance of local bovine fasciolosis epidemiology, which could be used to conduct future veterinary and public health programmes.
Fascioliasis is a parasitic disease of human and animal caused by Fasciola gigantica ( F. gigantica ) and Fasciola hepatica ( F. hepatica ). More than 700 million of grazing animals and over 180 million human population are at the risk of fascioliasis. This study was conducted in Banting, Ipoh, Shah Alam, and Taiping abattoirs within Peninsular Malaysia to determine the occurrence and identify the species of liver flukes, causing liver condemnation in cattle and buffaloes. Within a study period from January to December 2018, a total of 25 condemned bovine livers were collected from Banting, Ipoh, Shah Alam, and Taiping abattoirs and analyzed. Taiping abattoir had the highest occurrence of fascioliasis [14/1014 (1.38%)], and Shah Alam abattoir had the least occurrence [1/3377 (0.03%)]. From all the sampled livers, the average number of adult flukes recorded ranged from 1 to 83. A total of 440 adult flukes were studied morphometrically, using parameters such as body length (BL), body width (BW), cone length (CL), cone width (CL), body area (BA), body perimeter (BP), the distance between the ventral sucker and posterior end of body (VS-P), BL/BW ratio, BL/V-SP, and body roundness (BR). Furthermore, molecular analysis was conducted using PCR-RFLP methods to distinguish between F. gigantica and F. hepatica involving ITS1 primer and RsaI restriction enzyme. RFLP pattern with RsaI produced a consistent pattern of 360,100 and 60 bp fragments in F. hepatica , whereas F. gigantica worms had a profile of 360,170, and 60 bp in size. The morphometric and molecular analysis results indicated that cattle and buffaloes slaughtered at Banting, Shah Alam, Taiping, and Ipoh abattoirs were infected with F. gigantica .
This study explored the potential impacts of cricket-derived chitin and chitosan on the immune systems of Cobb500 broilers. One hundred and fifty broiler chicks of the Cobb500 strain were randomly assigned to any one of the five dietary groups in order to accomplish this. While the first set of birds (group 1) were only served the basal diet with no supplementation, the second to fifth sets of birds (groups 2 to 5) were served a diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg of the following: cricket-chitin, cricket-chitosan, shrimp-chitin, and shrimp-chitosan. The bursa and spleen were weighed relative to the body weight, and qPCR was used to determine the spleen's relative expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), toll-like receptor 15 (TLR15), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes. After 42 days of dietary cricket-chitin, the bulk of the index immunological organs increased (P<0.05). At day 21, TLR4, TLR15, IL-1β, and iNOS expression were unaffected by chitin and chitosan, but at day 42, they were down-regulated (P<0.05). However, during day 21, dietary shrimp-derived chitosan enhanced (P<0.05) the relative expression of TLR4, TLR15, and IL-1β, whereas the expression of TLR15 was lowered (P<0.05) but that of TLR4 was increased by cricket-chitin and shrimp-chitin. According to our findings, feeding broiler chicks with 500 mg/kg of shrimp chitosan and cricket-derived chitin can positively boost their immunity.
Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the
Human identification plays a crucial role in forensic criminal investigation, but it can be a very complicated task.The analysis of lip print is a new tool for the purpose of identification as lip print is unique to every person.This study was conducted to differentiate gender based on lip print patterns among the Malaysian Chinese population in Klang Valley using scanning on lipstick-cellophane tape technique.412 subjects from Malaysian Chinese (203 males and 209 females) were selected conveniently.Lip print was lifted using lipstick on cellophane tape technique, scanned and digital images were categorised according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification.Lip prints were divided into six sections: upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower left, lower middle and lower right.Adobe Photoshop 7.0 was used to analyse the lip print images.Type II was the dominant type in both genders for upper left, upper right, lower right and lower left sections, ranging from 87.2% to 94.6% for males and 70.3% to 90% for females while type IV was found to be the dominant in upper and lower middle sections for both genders, ranging from 69.5% to 70.4% in males and 67% to 70.3% for females.The results of this study may be used as a suggestion in personal identification of the Malaysian Chinese population in forensic science investigations.
This study aims to evaluate the responses of peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PBMDMs) from Theileria orientalis carrier cattle following exposure to Pasteruella multocida B:2 (PM B:2) and latex beads. Twenty-six male crossbred Kedah-Kelantan (KK) cattle were sampled for this study and quantitative PCR (qPCR) was employed in the detection of T. orientalis MPSP gene. Bactericidal assay using a 10:1 multiplicity of infection was performed to measure the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of PM B:2 by PBMDMs. The cell cultures were inoculated with 107 cfu/ml of PM B:2 and incubated in a humidified incubator. The absence of clinical signs, previous history of T. orientalis infection and an MPSP gene copy number below 15,000 GC/µl suggest that the cattle were asymptomatic chronic carriers. A non-significant phagocytic and mean cell death rates were observed in the PBMDMs of T. orientalis positive cattle relative to clinically healthy cattle (CHC) (p>0.05). The PBMDMs of T. orientalis positive cattle had the lowest mean rate of intracellular killing relative to the CHC at the 30th minute post-infection only (p<0.05). Exposure to latex beads caused an increase in the appearance of multinucleated macrophages following incubation of PBMDMs from T. orientalis positive cattle. Furthermore, the phagocytic index of PBMDMs of T. orientalis positive cattle were low or poor compared to that of CHC (p=0.000). Therefore, our findings suggest that PBMDMs from cattle with chronic T. orientalis infection can efficiently phagocytise and kill PM: B2 but exhibited poor phagocytosis ability for foreign bodies despite appearance of multinucleated macrophages.
Abstract Background Serious disease outbreaks in cattle are usually associated with blood pathogens. This study aims to detect blood pathogens namely Theileria species, Anaplasma species, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos and Trypanosoma evansi , and determine their phylogenetic relationships and haemato-biochemical abnormalities in naturally infected cattle. Methods Molecular analysis was achieved by PCR amplification and sequencing of PCR amplicons of 18SrRNA gene of Theileria species, 16SrRNA genes of Anaplasma and Mycoplasma species, MPSP genes of T. orientalis and T. sinensis , MSP4 gene of A. marginale , 16SrRNA gene of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos , and RoTat1.2 VSG gene of Trypanosoma evansi , in sixty-one (61) clinically ill Kedah-Kelantan x Brahman cattle in Pahang, Malaysia. Results A total of 44 (72.13%) cattle were infected with more than one blood pathogen. Theileria species was the blood pathogen with the highest molecular detection rate (72.13, 95% CI 59.83–81.81%). Nucleotide blast analyses of all sequences demonstrated high degree of molecular similarity (98–100%) in comparison with their respective reference sequences. Analysis of 18SrRNA gene sequences of Theileria species and 16SrRNA gene sequences of Anaplasma species revealed Theileria sinensis and Anaplasma platys respectively as additional species detected in these cattle. MPSP-PCR analysis was conducted for further confirmation of T. sinensis. The blood picture of eight infected cattle groups revealed poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, rouleaux formation and degenerative left shift. High mean erythrocyte fragility values were common in infected cattle groups. Anaemia of the macrocytic normochromic type and spherocytes were observed in the T. evansi and Anaplasma platys + Theileria sinensis double species co-infected cattle group. Normocytic normochromic anaemia was observed in the T. sinensis infected cattle group. Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in serum liver and kidney parameters, total protein, globulin, total and unconjugated bilirubin and decreased albumin values were observed in the T. evansi infected cattle when compared to clinically healthy cattle. Conclusion We present the first evidence of Theileria sinensis -associated bovine anaemia (TSABA) in Malaysian cattle. Because of the high occurrence of bovine theileriosis and detection of A. platys , there is an urgent need for appropriate preventive and control measures against these blood pathogens.
Deworming is one of the routine healthcare iquine management especially for stable horses. Even healthy horses harbor some adult worms and eggs and the incidence of clinical and sub0clinical diseases of horses can be minimized through controlling the gastrointestinal parasites. It was the objective of this study to determine the prevalence and species of gastrointestinal parasites in stable horses in Malaysia. In this study efficacy of ivermectin and mebendazole in reducing faecal egg count (FEC) under field condition was also evaluated. Ninety-four male and female horses of mixed breed, 11.8 ± 4.36 years of age from two stables were selected in this study. Fresh faecal samples were collected at pretratment period for initial screening and these data were used to determine the prevalence rate. Fifty more than two-year old hoses with positive epg from both stables were selected for field evaluation of mebendazole and ivermectin. Commercially available mebendazole and ivermectin paste were administered orallyaccording to manafacturer’s recommended dosage, in which the pre-treatment and day 10 post-treatment epg was utilized to determine the percentage of FEC reduction. Of the 94 fecal samples, 51 (54.3%) were positive and 3(3.2%) had fecal egg count of more than 2000 epg. There are significant association (p<0.05) between the age groups, sex and breeds. Stronglyloides westeri and cyathostome were the most prevalence worm cultures. Ivermectin showed 100% reduction while mevendazole only showed 65% reduction in FEC. This study revealed that in these stables, there is low prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. However nine species of worms were identified. The study also showed that ivermectin had efficacy then mevendazole in reducing FEC.
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