Purpose The aim of this guideline is to standardize the diagnosis and therapy of recurrent miscarriage (RM) using evidence from the recent literature. This is done by using consistent definitions, objective evaluations and standardized treatment protocols. Methods When this guideline was compiled, special consideration was given to previous recommendations in prior versions of this guideline and the recommendations of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, and a detailed individual search of the literature about the different topics was carried out. Recommendations Recommendations about the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures offered to couples with RM were developed based on the international literature. Special attention was paid to known risk factors such as chromosomal, anatomical, endocrinological, physiological coagulation, psychological, infectious and immune disorders. Recommendations were also developed for those cases where investigations are unable to find any abnormality (idiopathic RM).
Das Endometrium-Ca stellt das häufigste Malignom des weiblichen Genitale dar. Ungefähr 10 - 20 % aller Patientinnen mit einem Endometriumkarzinom sind bis zur Diagnosestellung symptomfrei. Ein gehäuftes Auftreten eines Endometriumkarzinoms im Zusammenhang mit einer intrauterinen Flüssigkeitsansammlung (Sero- oder Mukometra) wird in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Welche hysteroskopischen und histologischen Befunde findet man bei Patientinnen mit sonographisch nachgewiesener Serometra in der Postmenopause, und müssen diese Befunde wie in der Vergangenheit alle obligat histologisch abgeklärt werden? Gibt es Befunde die möglicherweise nur beobachtet werden können?
Purpose: Cryopreservation, the most important stage of the cryobanking of ovarian tissue, can be carried out using one of two methods: conventional (slow) freezing, and vitrification (direct and immediate immersion into liquid nitrogen). For human oocytes and embryos vitrification is more effective compared to conventional freezing. However, these comparative data are limited for human ovarian tissue. The aim of this study was to compare conventional freezing of ovarian tissue with vitrification. Material and Methods: Ovarian tissue from 5 patients was transported to the laboratory within 20 min at 32 to 34 °C, divided into smaller pieces (1 × 1 to 1,5 × 0,7 to 1 mm) and randomly distributed into three groups: Group 1: control (fresh tissue), group 2: pieces after vitrification/warming, Group 3: pieces after conventional freezing/thawing. All pieces were cultured in vitro for 12 days. The viability of the tissue was evaluated by the development of the follicles and GAPDH gene expression after in vitro culture. Results: 93, 74 and 78 % of the follicles of groups 1, 2 or 3 were morphologically normal. Molecular analysis showed that the intensity of GAPDH gene expression in the tissue after conventional freezing was greatly increased compared to after vitrification. Conclusion: It was concluded that for the cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue conventional freezing is more suitable than vitrification.
