While the penumbra zone is traditionally assessed based on perfusion–diffusion mismatch, it can be assessed based on machine learning (ML) prediction of infarct growth. The purpose of this work was to develop and validate an ML method for the prediction of infarct growth distribution and volume, in cases of successful (SR) and unsuccessful recanalization (UR). Pre-treatment perfusion-weighted, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data, and final infarct lesions annotated from day-7 DWI from patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion were utilized to develop and validate two ML models for prediction of tissue fate. SR and UR models were developed from data in patients with modified treatment in cerebral infarction (mTICI) scores of 2b–3 and 0–2a, respectively. When compared to manual infarct annotation, ML-based infarct volume predictions resulted in an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.31–0.91, p < 0.01) for UR, and an ICC of 0.87 (95% CI = 0.73–0.94, p < 0.001) for SR. Favorable outcomes for mismatch presence and absence in SR were 50% and 36%, respectively, while they were 61%, 56%, and 25%, respectively, for the low, intermediate, and high infarct growth groups. The presented method can offer novel and alternative insights into selecting patients for recanalization therapy and predicting functional outcome.
Background and purpose: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a unique cerebrovascular occlusive disease that is characterized by progressive stenosis and negative remodeling of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA). We hypothesized that caveolin-1, a protein that controls the regulation of endothelial vesicular trafficking and signal transduction, is associated with negative remodeling in MMD. Methods: We prospectively recruited 77 consecutive patients with MMD (49 bilateral and 28 unilateral MMD) diagnosed by conventional angiography. Seventeen patients with intracranial atherosclerotic stroke and no RNF213 mutation served as controls. Distal ICA outer diameters were examined with high-resolution MRI. We evaluated whether the degree of negative remodeling in MMD patients was associated with RNF213 polymorphism, caveolin-1 levels, or various clinical and vascular risk factors. Results: The RNF213 variant was observed in 49 (63.6%) patients with MMD. The serum caveolin-1 (ng/mL) level was lower in MMD patients than in controls (0.47±0.29 vs. 0.86±0.68, P =0.034). The mean ICA diameter was 2.48±0.98 mm (range 0.00-4.76) for the 126 affected distal ICAs in MMD patients and 3.84±0.42 mm for asymptomatic ICAs in controls. After adjusting for possible confounders, male sex (coefficient, 0.396; P =0.029), clinical presentation with ischemic stroke (coefficient, -0.733; P <0.001), and caveolin-1 level (coefficient, 1.018; P <0.001) were independently associated with distal ICA diameter in MMD patients. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that caveolin-1 may play a major role in arterial negative remodeling in MMD patients. Future studies exploring caveolin-1 as a therapeutic target in MMD are warranted.
The multiparametric imaging can show us different aspects of tumor behavior and may help differentiation of tumor recurrence from treatment related change. Our aim was to differentiate tumor progression from pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma by using multiparametric histogram analysis of 2 consecutive MR imaging studies with relative cerebral blood volume and ADC values.Thirty-five consecutive patients with glioblastoma with new or increased size of enhancing lesions after concomitant chemoradiation therapy following surgical resection were included. Combined histograms were made by using the relative cerebral blood volume and ADC values of enhancing areas for initial and follow-up MR imaging, and subtracted histograms were also prepared. The histogram parameters between groups were compared. The diagnostic accuracy of tumor progression based on the histogram parameters of initial and follow-up MR imaging and subtracted histograms was compared and correlated with overall survival.Twenty-four pseudoprogressions and 11 tumor progressions were determined. Diagnosis based on the subtracted histogram mode with a multiparametric approach was more accurate than the diagnosis based on the uniparametric approach (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.877 versus 0.801), with 81.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity. A high mode of relative cerebral blood volume on the subtracted histogram by using a multiparametric approach (relative cerebral blood volume ×ADC) was the best predictor of true tumor progression (P < .001) and worse survival (P = .003).Multiparametric histogram analysis of posttreatment glioblastoma was useful to predict true tumor progression and worse survival.
ICAD with hemodynamic insufficiency may present with either fulminant infarct or with progressive neurologic deterioration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of emergent self-expanding stent placement for acute intracranial or extracranial ICAD with significant hemodynamic insufficiency.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Eight patients (7 men and 1 woman; age range, 20–55 years; NIHSS score, 5–21) underwent emergent self-expanding stent placement for treatment of significant hemodynamic insufficiency due to acute ICAD. The safety and efficacy of emergent self-expanding stent placement were retrospectively evaluated.
RESULTS:
All patients presented with progressive (n = 6) or fluctuating (n = 2) neurologic deficits and revealed markedly decreased perfusion on CT or MR perfusion studies. Conventional angiography revealed acute occlusion (n = 2) or critical stenosis (n = 6) in intracranial (n = 3) or extracranial (n = 5) carotid arteries with a lack of sufficient collaterals. Stent placement was successful in all patients without any procedure-related complications. In all patients, hemodynamic insufficiency was corrected immediately after stent placement, and neurologic symptoms were completely resolved during several days. Mean improvement of the NIHSS score between baseline and discharge was 11.6 (range, 5–21). All patients remained neurologically intact (mRS, 0) during clinical follow-up for a mean of 21 months (range, 8–50 months). Angiographic follow-up was available for 6 patients at 3–12 months. None of the 6 patients revealed residual or in-stent restenosis.
CONCLUSIONS:
Self-expanding stent placement is a safe and effective option for selected patients with significant hemodynamic insufficiency due to acute intracranial or extracranial ICAD.
Background: Both basal collaterals (BC) and cortical microvascularization (CM) on angiography have been suggested as moyamoya disease (MMD)-specific findings; however, it is unknown whether the vascular network represents compensatory mechanisms for vascular occlusion or aberrant active neovascularization. Methods: We investigated the grade of antegrade MCA flow, the degree of BC, and the presence of CM on conventional angiography in relation to disease severity in pediatric MMD. CM was defined as enlarged and winding distal cortical arteries and categorized into anterior or posterior CM depending on their sources. Findings from basal and acetazolamide stress brain perfusion SPECT studies were also evaluated. Results: A total of 172 pediatric patients with MMD were enrolled in this study. As the severity of MMD increased, the grade of antegrade MCA flow gradually diminished. While the degree of BC peaked at Suzuki stage 3-4, CM was frequently observed at early MMD stages. About two-thirds of hemispheres with normal antegrade MCA flow on angiography and normal perfusion status on SPECT had anterior and/or posterior CM. Both anterior and posterior CM gradually decreased with the advancement of MMD. Conclusion: Our findings from a large cohort of angiographically confirmed pediatric MMD patients indicate that neovascularization may occur before significant hemodynamic impairment in MMD.
Purpose : To compare the results of endovascular treatment by using transarterial, transvenous, or a combinedapproach in cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulars(CDAVF). Materials and Methods : Twenty-nine angiographicallyconfirmed CDAVF patients underwent endovascular treatment. Initial presenting symptoms and the characteristics ofCDAVF, as seen on angiograms, were investigated. Patients were divided according to Barrow ’s classification.Using embolic materials, endovascular treatment was performed transarterially or transvenously, and the clinicalresults were retrospectively evaluated during follow up ranging from 5 to 122(mean 48.8) months. Results : Allpatients complained of ocular symptoms. Twenty six (90%) showed congestive symptoms related to superior ophthalmicvein drainage, but three presented with only opthalmoplegia without congestion. According to Barrow ’sclassification, patients were classified as follows : type B(n=2), type C(n=1), or type D(n=26). Twenty-fourpatients had a unilateral CDAVF, and five a bilateral CDAVF. The results of angiographic treatment were as follows: completely treated in 8 cases(28%), partially treated in 21(72%). Clinical symptoms completely disappeared in 19patients, for eight of these treatment was entirely angiographic, while for 11 it was partially angiographic.Clinical improvements were noted in eight patients, but in two, visual acuity progressively decreased. In 12patients who underwent transarterial treatment, the clinical results were as follows : complete cure in five(42%),improvement in five(42%), and progressively decreasing visual acuity in two(16%). Among 17 patients who underwenttransvenous or transvenous with transarterial treatment, complete cure was seen in 14(82%), and improvement inthree(18%). Conclusion : Twenty-seven of 29 CDAVF patients were completely cured or improved after endovasculartreatment. For type-D patients, transvenous with transarterial treatment led to a higher cure rate than thetransarterial approach alone.
This study aimed to investigate clinical outcome predictors of acute stroke patients with large vessel occlusion and active cancer and validate the significance of D-dimer levels for endovascular thrombectomy decisions.We analyzed a prospectively collected hospital-based stroke registry to determine clinical EVT outcomes of acute stroke patients within 24 h with following criteria: age ≥18 years, NIHSS ≥6, and internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery lesion. All patients were classified into EVT and non-EVT groups. Patients were divided into two groups by initial D-dimer level. We explored variables potentially associated with successful recanalization as well as 3-month functional outcomes and mortality rates.Among 68 patients, 36 were treated with EVT, with successful recanalization in 55.6%. The low D-dimer group showed a higher rate of successful recanalization and favorable outcome than the high D-dimer group. The mortality rate was higher in the high D-dimer group. No EVT and high D-dimer level were independent predictors of mortality, whereas lesion volume and low D-dimer level were independently associated with favorable outcomes.D-dimer level is a prognostic factor in acute LVO stroke patients with active cancer, and its high value for EVT decisions provisionally supports its testing in this patient population.
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