Abstract Background The problem of tobacco use among minors and in their immediate environment remains a significant challenge in Poland. Although Poland has passed smoke free law children are still being exposed to tobacco smoke. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenomenon of tobacco use by children in City of Sopot and in their surroundings. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the SOPKARD program for early detection of risk factors for civilization diseases in children and adolescents. A limited GYTS questionnaire was utilized to conduct the study. Data was collected from all the fifth grade students (9-11 yo) attending to Sopot primary schools in 2017 and 2018. Results The study involved 385 students (161 in 2017 and 224 in 2018). Only few students tried to smoke traditional cigarettes (3%) or use electronic e-cigarettes (2%). Despite the legal ban, 24% of students saw smokers in the school premises. In addition, 34% of children said that one or both of their parents smokes and that in only slightly more than ¾ of the houses smoking is completely prohibited. As many as 66% of students reported smoking incidents in the cars they travel. There were 16% students who think they could start smoking in the future. Conclusions The results suggest that Sopot children are still exposed to tobacco smoke inhalation. It happens in private, non-smoking areas (homes and family cars). It is worth conducting educational activities and considering legislative initiatives such as smoking ban in vehicles carrying children to stimulate parents to take care more of the health of their children. Key messages Although tobacco legislation in Poland protects people from passive smoking in public places children are still exposed in private premises. Ban on smoking should be extended to privates cars at minimum.
The study was conducted to investigate the implications of anthropometry in school-aged children on the degree of respiratory sinus arrhythmia observed in clinical settings.In a cohort study, 626 healthy children (52% male) aged 10.8 ± 0.5 years attending primary school in a single town underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram coupled with measurements of height, weight and blood pressure. Indices of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (pvRSA, RMSSD, RMSSDc) were derived from semi-automatic measurements of RR intervals. Height, weight, BMI, blood pressure as well as waist and hip circumferences were compared between subjects with rhythmic heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and correlations between indices of sinus arrhythmia and anthropometry were investigated.Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was recognized in 43% of the participants. Subjects with sinus arrhythmia had lower heart rate (p < 0.001), weight (p = 0.009), BMI (p = 0.005) and systolic (p = 0.018) and diastolic (p = 0.004) blood pressure. There were important inverse correlations of heart rate and indices of sinus arrhythmia (r = -0.52 for pvRSA and r = -0.58 for RMSSD), but not the anthropometry.Lower prevalence of respiratory sinus arrhythmia among children with overweight and obesity is a result of higher resting heart rate observed in this population.
Introduction. Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD) increasingly affect not only adults but also adolescents. Parafunctions are cited as the most common cause of TMD. Aim of the study. To determine the prevalence of oral parafunctions, signs and symptoms of TMD among adolescents. Methods. The study was performed as a part of an early detection of risk factors for civilization diseases program – SOPKARD1 in 96 children aged 14-15 years. Each participant filled in a questionnaire regarding their oral habits and symptoms of TMD and underwent physical examination of the muscles and temporomadibular joints. The analysis of the mandible mobility models was also made. Results. Leaning one’s chin on the hand (73.68%), lip biting (58.33%) and intensive gum chewing (51.04%) were the most common habits among the study group. Persistence of an infantile swallow pattern was observed in over one-fifth of patients (20.83%). The most common signs were teeth impressions on tongue and cheeks (53.13%), increased muscle tone (57.29%) and dysfunctions in mandibular mobility (53.13%). Most subjects (92.71%) manifested at least one sign or symptom, whereas 46.88% two or three. A statistically significant association was found between chewing gum and muscle response, as well as infantile swallow pattern and open bite and muscle response. Conclusions. Most adolescent aged 14-15 were subject to some parafunctional habits. There is a requirement to introduce an educational program in schools in order to present the destructive consequences of parafunctions on the stomatognathic system health and the possibility of prevention or treatment.
One way to counteract the spread of obesity in children is its early recognition by parents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether parents’ perception of their children’s BMI category was consistent with their actual BMI assessment and to determine potential influential factors. The study was conducted as part of the “A program for the early detection of risk factors for lifestyle diseases SOPKARD-Junior” (SOPKARD-Junior), a preventive health program implemented in public elementary schools from 2017 to 2019. The results from 381 children with a mean age of 11.67 (SD = 1.52) were analyzed. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Surveys were conducted to assess parents’ perceptions of their child’s weight, along with their sociodemographic status. Nearly one in three parents were unable to correctly identify their children’s weight; 25.0% underestimated it, and 6.0% overestimated it. Underestimation was observed along with an increase in the children’s BMI weight category, with as many as 57.1% of parents of obese children misclassifying their weight. The child’s BMI was the only significant predictor of incorrect assessment. Polish parents cannot properly assess their children’s BMI, especially when their child is overweight or obese. In children, weight and height measurements should be taken regularly, rather than allowing weight category to be dependent upon parental weight assessments.
The problem of caries disease has become one of the major challenges for public health in countries around the world, while becoming one of the most worrying health phenomena in the world. It is obvious that caries is a pathological process of local nature, leading to decalcification of enamel and dentin, decomposition of hard tooth tissues and, consequently, formation of a cavity, but also a serious risk factor for other diseases. Many studies have shown a significant relationship between periapical tissue inflammation and cardiovascular disease [1-3], diabetes [4,5] and systemic oxidative stress [6].
The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of parafunctions and signs and symptoms of TMD in a population group of children with and without ADHD.The study included all 5th grade children of all public primary schools in Sopot (untreated, unguided children). The reporting rate was 91%. At the first stage of the psychological-psychiatric study both parents and children filled in the CBCLand YSR questionnaires. At the next stage, in the group of children selected during the screening, aqualified child psychiatrist conducted asemi-structured diagnostic interview K-SADS-PLand diagnosed ADHD. Parafunctions, signs and symptoms of TMD were assessed by conducting a direct interview with a child and a clinical examination by a dentist.There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between children with ADHD and without ADHD associated with parafunctions such as chewing gum (76.47% vs. 46.07%), nail biting (70.59% vs. 40.45%) and bruxism (52.54% vs. 26.22%), the number of signs and symptoms of TMD (1 sign or symptom 0.0% vs. 32.21%; 4-7 signs or symptoms 17.65% vs. 3.75%).In children with ADHD, symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders and parafunctions were significantly more frequent. These studies suggest that children with ADHD constitute agroup of increased risk for TMD in the future. Interdisciplinary treatment of an ADHD patient by a psychiatrist and a dentist is necessary.
Introduction The colonization of the oral cavity by potentially pathogenic antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in adolescents and its consequences is very poorly understood. The present study focused on the occurrence of oral colonization by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) and their multidrug resistance, including the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases, among healthy adolescents and risk factors associated with GNB colonization. Materials and methods This study was conducted as part of “A program for the early detection of risk factors for lifestyle diseases SOPKARD-Junior” (SOPKARD-Junior). Oral samples were collected from 182 adolescents from four public elementary schools in Sopot, Poland, aged 13-14 years. Bacterial strains were identified by the MALDI-TOF MS method. Screening of antimicrobial resistance was performed using a disk diffusion method. The NG-Test ® CARBA-5 was used to detect and differentiate the five most widely distributed carbapenemases. Demographic and clinical data were collected and statistical analysis of risk factors was performed. Results A total of 68 out of 182 (37.4%) healthy adolescents was documented oral colonization with Gram-negative bacilli, including 50/182 (27.5%) multidrug resistant (MDR-GNB) strains. Over 60% of oral carriage concerned three main genera Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Serratia spp., which were detected in 22.1%, 19.1%, and 19.1% of participants, respectively. Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli , Klebsiella spp., Hafnia spp., Aeromonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Stenotrophomonas spp. were also isolated. The antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin (100%), ceftazidime (69.1%), meropenem (60.3%), gentamycin (60.3%), piperacillin/tazobactam (52.9%), and piperacillin (45.6%) were the most common. Among 73.5% GNB strains multidrug resistance was observed, including all Pseudomonas spp. strains. Among MDR-GNB, 30.4% were resistant to four groups of antibiotics, half of the MDR Pseudomonas spp. strains were resistant to 10 groups of antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases were produced by Enterobacter cloacae , Klebsiella spp., and Serratia spp. (7.4%). Colonization by ESBLs-positive GNB strains was significantly associated with recurrent respiratory infections, nasal congestion, and bronchitis (p<0.05). Conclusion Our study revealed high oral carriage of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli in healthy adolescents and the association of ESBL-producing strains with respiratory infections. Further studies on oral colonization with GNB are necessary due to the possibility of distinct infections and the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by resident microbiota.
Wstep. Nadciśnienie tetnicze (NT) nalezy do najbardziej rozpowszechnionych czynnikow ryzyka chorob serca i naczyn. Wśrod podstawowych warunkow skutecznej prewencji, wykrywania oraz leczenia NT wymienia sie odpowiednią wiedze w populacji generalnej na temat nadciśnienia tetniczego. Celem pracy byla ocena świadomości Polakow w zakresie kryteriow i powiklan NT. Material i metody. Analize przeprowadzono na podstawie wynikow uzyskanych w programie badawczym NATPOL 2011, w ktorym badaniami objeto reprezentatywną probe 2413 losowo wybranych mieszkancow Polski w wieku 18–79 lat [1245 kobiet (K) i 1168 mezczyzn (M)]. Oceniono odpowiedzi udzielone na dwa otwarte pytania na temat kryteriow NT i jego powiklan z uwzglednieniem wieku, plci, wyksztalcenia i miejsca zamieszkania. Analize statystyczną przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem regresji logistycznej wieloczynnikowej. Dla uproszczenia analizy wynikow za prawidlowe gorne granice ciśnienia tetniczego przyjeto 139–140 mm Hg i 89–90 mm Hg, odpowiednio dla ciśnienia skurczowego (SBP) i rozkurczowego (DBP). Wyniki. Badania wskazują, ze w populacji doroslych Polakow znajomośc prawidlowych granic ciśnienia tetniczego jest niewielka. Istnieje duza dysproporcja miedzy deklarowaną a rzeczywistą wiedzą Polakow dotyczącą prawidlowych gornych granic ciśnienia (dla K: 79,4% v. 8,3%; dla M: 74,8 % v. 6,6%). Jedynie 188 badanych (7,8% w tym K = 103 i M = 85) odpowiedzialo poprawnie na zadane pytanie, a tylko 3 osoby (0,1%, w tym K = 2 i M = 1) podaly w pelni prawidlowe gorne wartości ciśnienia (tj. 139 mm Hg dla SBP i 89 mm Hg dla DBP). Wiedza w tym zakresie istotnie zwieksza sie wraz z wiekiem (p < 0,002) i poziomem wyksztalcenia (p < 0,001). Do najcześciej wymienianych przez respondentow powiklan NT nalezaly choroby serca (69,8%) oraz wylew krwi do mozgu lub niedokrwienie mozgu (66%). W malym stopniu znany jest w spoleczenstwie związek miedzy nieleczonym NT a chorobami nerek (11%) i uszkodzeniem narządu wzroku (7,7%). Świadomośc w przypadku udaru mozgu i chorob nerek istotnie zwiekszala sie wraz z wiekiem i poziomem wyksztalcenia. Wnioski. Wiedza Polakow dotycząca kryteriow rozpoznania NT oraz powiklan, jakie moze powodowac nieleczone NT jest niewystarczająca. Dlatego konieczne jest prowadzenie intensywnych dzialan edukacyjnych w tym zakresie. Prezentowane w pracy wyniki powinny stanowic wskazowke do planowania i realizacji tych dzialan, szczegolnie u osob mlodych oraz z wyksztalceniem podstawowym.
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