We compared the stable carbon isotopic composition (δ 13 C) of crustacean zooplankton with that of potential carbon sources in 15 lakes in northern Sweden with different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (2‐9 mg L −1 ) to test the hypothesis that zooplankton depended more on allochthonous carbon in humic lakes than in clear‐water lakes. Based on δ 13 C signature, we found that the pool of organic matter in the lakes was dominated by carbon of allochthonous origin over the whole DOC gradient. Zooplankton were generally depleted in 13C compared to organic matter in the catchment, particulate organic matter in the lake water, and shallow surface sediment. However, the isotopic composition of zooplankton could not be explained without a significant contribution from both allochthonous and autochthonous carbon sources in all lakes. The relative importance of these two carbon sources did not relate to the concentration of, or proportion between, allochthonous and autochthonous organic carbon in the water. Instead, the proportion between allochthonous and autochthonous carbon in the crustacean zooplankton was consistent with a rather conservative use of the energy mobilized by bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in the lakes.
Organic carbon mineralization was studied in a large humic lake (Lake Ortrasket) in northern Sweden during a well‐defined summer stratification period following high water flow during snowmelt. Several independent methods including plankton counts, measurements of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton production, stable isotope monitoring, sediment trapping, and mass balance calculations were used. Total organic carbon mineralization showed a summer mean of 0.3 g C m −2 d −1 and was partitioned about equally between water and sediment. In the water column, organic matter was mineralized by bacteria (60%) and protozoan and metazoan zooplankton (30%), as well as by photooxidation (10%). Most of the mineralized organic carbon was of allochthonous origin. Primary production in the lake contributed at most 5% of the total organic carbon input and about 20% of the total organic carbon mineralization. Total carbon mineralization in the epilimnion and metalimnion agreed well with an estimate of CO 2 evasion from the stratified lake, while CO 2 accumulation in the hypolimnion matched the O 2 consumption and resulted in a very negative dδ 13 C of DIC before autumn overturn (−23‰). Isotopic compositions of DIC and POC confirmed the dominant influence of terrestrial organic input on the cycling of both organic and inorganic carbon in the lake.
Mercury concentrations in lacustrine macroinvertebrates were concurrently studied in eight remote Swedish forest lakes of differing dystrophy, acidity, and eutrophy. The aim was to assess the influence of ecological factors (taxon, habitat, and feeding habits), chemical factors (characterizing different types of lakes), and regional and climatic factors (Hg deposition and mean temperature) on the accumulation of Hg. Concentrations varied from <50 to >5000 ng Hg∙g dry weight −1 . A large part of this high variability could be ascribed to differences in water and sediment chemistry, ecological niches, and species-specific seasonalities. Both taxonomic composition and Hg concentrations were highly dependent on the type of lake. Concentrations were highest in acidic dystrophic lakes and lowest in oligotrophic lakes. Mean Hg concentrations in the examined taxa within a lake differed 100-fold. Contrary to widely held views on biomagnification, the lowest concentrations among profundal chironomids were found in predators whereas the highest concentrations occurred in detritivores. Seasonal variations were negligible in some taxa but considerable in others and appeared in some taxa to be related to the life cycle. We conclude that Hg accumulation in macroinvertebrates is largely determined by feeding behaviour and food quality.
Human exposure to mercury from fish consumption in Latin America and Africa: effects of mercury-selenium interactions on mercury methylation rates in tropical waters.
Near-annual pollen records for the last 100 years were obtained from a 65-cm peat monolith from a raised peat bog in the Central Forest State Natural Biosphere Reserve (southern part of the Valdai Hills, European Russia) and compared with the available long-term meteorological observations. An age–depth model for the peat monolith was constructed by 210 Pb and 137 Cs dating. Cross-correlation and the Granger causality analysis indicated a broad range of statistically significant correlations between the pollen accumulation rate (PAR) of the main forest-forming trees and shrubs ( Picea, Pinus, Betula, Tilia, Quercus, Ulmus, Alnus, and Corylus) and the air temperature and precipitation during the previous 3 years. Results showed that high air temperatures during the growing season (May–September) in the year prior to the flowering led to an increase in pollen productivity of the main tree species. The statistically significant correlation between the PAR of trees and shrubs and winter precipitation of the current and previous years could reflect the influence of winter precipitation on soil water availability and as a result on tree growth and functioning in the spring.