To identify "Shegan" [Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.] and relative medicinal plants of Iris including Iris tectorum Maxim., I. dichotoma Pall., I. germanica L. and I. japonica Thunb. by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase Large Gene (rbcL) sequence analysis.General DNA was isolated from the fresh leaves of Belamcanda chinensis and 4 Iris spp. by CTAB. A pair of primers was designed to amplify the rbcL gene and PCR Preps DNA kit was used to purify the PCR products. The rbcL sequences were determined by ABI (Applied Biosystems Inco.) Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer.A fragment of about 750 bp of rbcL gene from Belamcanda chinensis and 4 Iris spp. were amplified and sequenced. The rbcL sequences of Iris tectorum, I. dichotoma Pall. and I. japonica were reported for the first time. The rbcL sequences of 5 species of Iridaceae were aligned and analyzed using Clustal (Version 8.0) and MEGA (Version 2.0.) programs. The nucleotide number of difference is from 1.000 to 20.000. The tranversions is from 0.000 to 9.000 and the transitions is from 0.000 to 14.000. Phylogenetic tree based on rbcL partial sequence data indicated that the eleven samples of 5 species clustered separately.The sequence variation of rbcL can be used to identify Belamcanda chinensis and 4 species of relative medicinal plants of Iris. The molecular phylogenetic tree accords with the classical taxonomy.
Abstract Nitrogen and planting density are two key factors affecting sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] yield. In this study, two dwarf sorghum cultivars were used to analyze the effects of nitrogen and planting density on the yield and quality of sorghum in northern China. The experiment adopted a two‐factor, split‐zone design with the main plots assigned to three nitrogen application strategies, including all nitrogen applied at the sowing stage (N1), one‐third nitrogen applied at the sowing stage and two‐thirds nitrogen applied at the jointing stage (N2), and all nitrogen applied at the jointing stage (N3). The subplots were assigned to four planting densities of 20 × 10 4 (D1), 25 × 10 4 (D2), 30 × 10 4 (D3), and 35 × 10 4 plants ha −1 (D4). The results showed that N2 improved significantly the leaf area index, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate, and the number of grains per panicle and yield were significantly higher than that of the N1 and N3 treatments. Under the same density, the N2 and N3 increased the plant height. Under the same nitrogen, D3 significantly increased the yield. The combination of density and nitrogen was significantly correlated with grain number per panicle and yield. The protein content increased, and the starch content decreased by applying N3 at the jointing stage. The grain yields and grain number per plant were significantly affected by nitrogen application strategy, planting density, and their interaction. The N2D3 was the recommended planting density and nitrogen combination.
Background: Small white Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is popular in the international market, they are widely cultivated in the high and cold areas of China. However, these areas have relatively short growth period, resulting in the low yield and quality of kidney beans, which limits the development of kidney bean. Keyun1 has since played an important role in improving kidney bean production in the country since 2020 because of its high yields, good upright, and wide adaptability. Methods: Keyun1 is a small grain white kidney bean cultivar that was developed systematic selection of excellent mutants in China in 2020. Result: The average yield of Keyun1 was 2346.26 kg per hectare, 34.42% higher than that of the control cultivar (The British Red) in the national joint identification test of new kidney bean cultivars of China from 2016 to 2017. In 2018, Keyun1 was included in the national joint identification and production test of new kidney bean cultivars of China, the average yield per hectare was 2076.58 kg, which is 67.99% higher than that of the control cultivar(The British Red). and exploration of nitrogen application and planting density showed the best nitrogen application is 45 kg of active ingredient nitrogen per hectare and the best planting density is 15×104 - 20×104 plants/ha, the greatest yield was 3198.17 kg/ha.
Genotypes of field-grown corn, Zea mays L., known to vary in their resistance to fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were used in a study designed to examine the movement of neonate larvae. Movement of larvae was examined on corn plants at the midwhorl (the 8th leaf; V8) stage and the late-whorl (12th leaf; V12) stage. There was little difference in the movement of larvae when they were on resistant ‘MpSWCB–4’ compared with when they were on the susceptible genotype ‘Pioneer 3369A.’ However, larvae reached the feeding sites (whorl tissue) more quickly when they were placed on the younger (upper) leaves than when they were placed on the older (lower) leaves. When larvae were collected from resistant and susceptible genotypes 24, 48, and 96 h after artificial infestation, there were consistently fewer larvae on the resistant genotype only after 96 h. Populations of larvae decreased more rapidly when the plants were infested in the late-whorl stage than when the plants were infested in the midwhorl stage.
Genotypes of corn known to vary in their resistance to fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were utilized in a study designed to examine the plant resistance role of surface ultrastructure and cuticular lipids. Scanning electron microscopy showed dramatic differences between the ultrastructural appearance of lower (4th) and upper (8th) leaves of the resistant MpSWCB-4 and the susceptible Cacahuacintle X's. In a choice test, FAW larvae preferred the upper leaves from which the cuticular lipids had been removed over untreated leaves of these two genotypes. Larval behavior was monitored by video camera on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of upper and lower leaves of MpSWCB-4 and Cacahuacintle X's and on foliage samples with and without cuticular lipids. FAW showed more nonacceptance behavior on the untreated foliage than on the chloroform-extracted foliage. FAW larvae traveled greater distances and crawled faster when they were on upper leaves rather than lower leaves and when they were on the abaxial leaf surface rather than the adaxial surface. However, no difference in behavior was found when larval movement was monitored on the cuticular lipid extracts from the foliage of two resistant and two susceptible corn genotypes.
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