Many researchers have shown that renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in various important aspects of male reproduction. In this study, we assessed whether abnormal levels of seminal angiotensinogen (AGT) may be associated with semen parameters in infertile males. A total of 115 male patients were recruited, and semen parameters, seminal AGT and the electrolytes including K+, Na+, Cl−, P and Ca were evaluated. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 criteria, the patients were divided into two groups: G1 group with normal semen parameters (n = 42) and G2 group with subnormal semen parameters (n = 73). The level of seminal AGT was significantly higher in G2 group compared with G1 group. Moreover, the level of AGT was negatively correlated with the percentage of total motility (r = −.322, p = .000), progressive motility (PR) (r = −.339, p = .000) and morphologically normal forms (r = −.263, p = .004). This study suggests that elevated seminal AGT level is associated with increased risk of asthenospermia and teratozoospermia.
Abstract In previous studies, it has been shown that the granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor ( GM ‐ CSF ) or interleukin‐2 ( IL ‐2) surface modified MB49 bladder cancer stem cells ( MCSC s) vaccine could induce a specific antitumor immunity and against bladder cancer in mice model respectively. However, whether combined administration of GM ‐ CSF and IL ‐2 could produce specific immune responses to cancer stem cells ( CSC s) was uncertain. MCSC s were established and characterized. GM ‐ CSF and IL ‐2 MCSC s vaccines were prepared and bioactivity was evaluated. The therapeutic, protective, specific, and memorial immune response animal experiments were designed. Tumor‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes assay, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry assay were performed to indentify whether vaccine caused an antitumor immunity. Streptavidin ( SA )‐ GM ‐ CSF and SA ‐ IL ‐2 MCSC s vaccines were prepared successfully. Such vaccines inhibited the volume of tumor and prolonged the survival of the mice in animal experiments. The express of IgG or IFN ‐c, the portion of dendritic cells, CD 8 + and CD 4 + T cells were highest in the combined vaccines group than the SA ‐ GM ‐ CSF vaccine group, the SA ‐ IL ‐2 vaccine group, the MCSC s group and the PBS group. The combined of GM ‐ CSF and IL ‐2 vaccines could induce better antitumor immunity than a vaccine alone.
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