Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a prevalent liver ailment. It has escalated into a significant public health issue, imposing substantial burdens on medical, economic, and social domains. Currently, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are recognized as crucial culprits in improving ALD. Consequently, mitigating these issues has emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing ALD. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main ingredient in safflower, showing excellent antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis traits. However, there are limited investigations into the mechanisms by which HSYA ameliorates ALD PURPOSE: We investigated whether HSYA, a significant constituent of Asteraceae safflower, exerts antioxidant stress and attenuates inflammation and anti-apoptotic effects through PI3K/Akt and STAT3/NF-κB pathways, thereby ameliorating ALD METHODS: We established two experimental models: an ethanol-induced liver damage mouse model in vivo and a HepG2 cell alcohol injury model in vitro RESULTS: The results demonstrated that HSYA effectively ameliorated liver tissue damage, reduced levels of ALT, AST, LDL-C, TG, TC, and MDA, enhanced HDL-C levels, SOD and GSH activities, reduced ROS accumulation in cells, and activated the Nrf2 pathway, a transcription factor involved in antioxidant defense. By regulating the PI3K/Akt and STAT3/NF-κB pathways, HSYA exhibits notable antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, effectively impeding ALD's advancement. To further confirm the regulatory effect of HSYA on PI3K/Akt and downstream signaling pathways, the PI3K activator 740 Y-P was used and was found to reverse the downregulation of PI3K by HSYA CONCLUSION: This study supports the effectiveness of HSYA in reducing ALD by regulating the PI3K/Akt and STAT3/NF-κB pathways, indicating its potential medicinal value.
The multilayer film consisting of MoO 3 /Ag/MoO 3 (shortened as MAM) is very promising as an alternative of indium-tin oxide (ITO) to work as the transparent anode in organic solar cells (OSCs). In MAM-based thin OSCs, the absorption of light is quite poor. Here, we propose to apply a short-pitched metallic grating into the MAM-based OSC for improving the absorption in its thin active layer. Numerical calculations reveal that the obtained enhancement of integrated absorption in the active layer is more than 500% with respect to the equivalent planar control. The field distributions at the two peaks of the normalized absorption spectrum indicate that propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), as well as the horizontal metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide mode, play the main role of trapping light into the active material. It is expected that the proposal could contribute to the development of the efficient ITO free thin OSCs.
The schematic diagram illustrating the energy level alignment of the functional layers in (a) a control PSC and (b) a PSC with the presence of a PMMA-induced interface dipole at the HTL/perovskite interface, (c) the formation of an interface dipole.
The effect of oxygen induced traps on charge mobility in bulk heterojunction solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):l-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-l-phenyl-(6, 6) methanofullerene (PCBM) blend have been studied using photoinduced charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (PhotoCELIV) technique. The solar cells exposed to oxygen exhibit dual PhotoCELIV peaks, whereas the solar cell without oxygen treatment show single PhotoCELIV peak with the charge mobility of the order of 10−4 cm2/V s. It is demonstrated that the oxygen treatment imbalance the charge mobility in the P3HT/PCBM photoactive layer, which affects the power conversion efficiency and lifetime of the solar cell. The single PhotoCELIV peak for the device without oxygen treatment indicates that the charge mobility is balanced, that causes the overlapping of electron and hole transients.
The formation of corrosion products during atmospheric corrosion on open and confined surfaces of electrogalvanized steel exposed to periodic wet/dry conditions was studied. The composition of the corrosion products was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and extra information about the phases present was obtained by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Corrosion products that formed consisted mainly of different amounts of zinc oxide (ZnO), hydrozincite (Zn5[OH]6[CO3]2), and simonkolleite (Zn5[OH]8Cl2·H2O). These results were compared to results obtained previously for pure zinc. The wet/dry pattern of the exposure had a large influence on the composition of the corrosion products. Similar proportions of zinc oxide, simonkolleite, and hydrozincite formed on electrogalvanized steel as formed on zinc on open surfaces exposed for shorter drying times. When the drying time was longer, simonkolleite was the dominant compound on electrogalvanized steel and zinc. In contrast, zinc oxide was the dominant compound on confined surfaces of electrogalvanized steel exposed for shorter drying times, whereas similar proportions of zinc oxide, simonkolleite, and hydrozincite were formed on confined zinc surfaces. These results are explained as a result of differences in the corrosion rates and in the extent of localized corrosion as a result of different drying rates for the open and confined surfaces. Zinc oxide forms on electrogalvanized steel as a result of the formation of areas of bare iron caused by the high corrosion rate and high degree of localization. The areas of bare iron act as sites for an oxygen reduction reaction, creating high pH values in the confined space. Conditions that favor a high corrosion rate and high degree of localization of the corrosion, such as higher chloride ion concentrations and shorter drying times, result in the formation of zinc oxide on electrogalvanized steel. The degree of confinement influences more significantly the composition of the corrosion products. At intermediate crevice widths, at which the corrosion rates are highest, zinc oxide dominates the corrosion products.
The significant enhancement in power efficiency of tandem organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was achieved using bulk heterojunction organic bipolar charge generation layer (CGL), consisted of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc): fullerene (C60) blend. In addition to a significant enhancement in luminance and current efficiency this work yielded a maximum power efficiency of 21 lm W−1 for a tandem OLED, notably almost two times higher than that of a single-unit device, with a maximum power efficiency of 10.1 lm W−1. The enhancement in power efficiency at higher luminance is also over 50%. The remarkable enhancement in power efficiency has been attributed to the effective charge generation, transport and extraction due to the presence of interface-modified ZnPc:C60 CGL in tandem OLEDs. Our results demonstrate that the bulk heterojunction, consisting of two matched n- and p-type organic semiconductors, is a promising bipolar CGL for high power efficiency tandem OLEDs.
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