Rui Shi

Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Dongxiao Wang

Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)

Lili Zeng

Institute of Oceanology

Yunkai He

South China Sea Institute Of Oceanology

Ju Chen

South China Sea Institute Of Oceanology

Chen Ju

Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro Products

Fenghua Zhou

South China Sea Institute Of Oceanology

Xinyu Guo

Ehime University

Qiang Xie

Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering

Rongwang Zhang

South China Sea Institute Of Oceanology

Jinglong Yao

Institute of Oceanology

Cooperative Institutions

Chinese Academy of Sciences

South China Sea Institute Of Oceanology

Institute of Oceanology

Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Sun Yat-sen University

Lanzhou University

Macquarie University

China Meteorological Administration

Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

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Toward a Mesoscale Hydrological and Marine Meteorological Observation Network in the South China Sea

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2015)

Lei Yang Dongxiao Wang Jian Huang Xin Wang Lili Zeng

Abstract Air–sea interaction in the South China Sea (SCS) has direct impacts on the weather and climate of its surrounding areas at various spatiotemporal scales. In situ observation plays a vital role in exploring the dynamic characteristics of the regional circulation and air–sea interaction. Remote sensing and regional modeling are expected to provide high-resolution data for studies of air–sea coupling; however, careful validation and calibration using in situ observations is necessary to ensure the quality of these data. Through a decade of effort, a marine observation network in the SCS has begun to be established, yielding a regional observatory for the air–sea synoptic system. Earlier observations in the SCS were scarce and narrowly focused. Since 2004, an annual series of scientific open cruises during late summer in the SCS has been organized by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (SCSIO), carefully designed based on the dynamic characteristics of the oceanic circulation and air–sea interaction in the SCS region. Since 2006, the cruise carried a radiometer and radiosondes on board, marking a new era of marine meteorological observation in the SCS. Fixed stations have been established for long-term and sustained records. Observations obtained through the network have been used to study regional ocean circulation and processes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. In the future, a great number of multi-institutional, collaborative scientific cruises and observations at fixed stations will be carried out to establish a mesoscale hydrological and marine meteorological observation network in the SCS.

Ocean observations

10.1175/bams-d-14-00159.1

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Processing of Turbulent Data and Flux Quality Control of Observed Data from Yongxing Island in Spring 2016

Journal of Coastal Research (2018)

Fenghua Zhou Rongwang Zhang Rui Shi Ju Chen Yunkai He

10.2112/si84-017.1

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Evaluation of OAFlux datasets based on in situ air-sea flux tower observations over the Yongxing Islands in 2016

Fenghua Zhou Rongwang Zhang Rui Shi Chen Ju Yunkai He

Abstract. The high-quality Yongxing air-sea flux tower (YXASFT), which was specially designed for air-sea boundary layer flux-related observations, was constructed on Yongxing Island in the South China Sea (SCS). Surface bulk variable measurements were collected during a one-year period from 2016/02/01 to 2017/01/31. The sensible heat flux (SHF) and latent heat flux (LHF) were further derived via the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment version 3.0 (COARE3.0) using those variables. This study employed the YXASFT in situ observations to evaluate the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) OAFlux reanalysis data products in the SCS. The study period was divided into the spring, summer_autumn and winter periods to conduct seasonal comparisons for each variable. First, the reliability of COARE3.0 data in the SCS was validated using direct turbulent heat flux measurements via an eddy covariance flux (ECF) system. The LHF data derived from COARE3.0 are highly consistent with the ECF measurements with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.78. Second, to conduct seasonal comparisons, the overall reliabilities of the bulk OAFlux variables diminish in order from Ta, U, Qa to Ts based on a combination of R2 values and biases. OAFlux overestimates (underestimates) U (Qa) throughout the year and provides better estimates of both variables in the winter and spring than in the summer_autumn period, which seems to be highly correlated with the monsoon climate in the SCS. The lowest R2 value is observed between the OAFlux-estimated and YXASFT-observed Ts, indicating that Ts is the least reliable product and should thus be used with considerable caution. In terms of the heat fluxes, OAFlux considerably overestimates LHF with an ocean heat loss bias of 52 w/m2 (73 % of the observed mean) in the spring, and the seasonal OAFlux LHF performance is consistent with U and Qa. The OAFlux-estimated SHF appears to be poorly representative with enormous overestimations in the spring and winter, while its performance is much better during the summer_autumn period. Third, an analysis reveals that the biases in Qa are the most dominant factor on the LHF biases in the spring and winter and that the biases in both Qa and U are responsible for controlling the biases in LHF during the summer_autumn period. The biases in Ts are responsible for controlling the SHF biases, and the effects of biases in Ts on the biases in SHF during the spring and winter are much greater than that in the summer_autumn period.

10.5194/amt-2017-456

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Researches on Cold Wave and the Profiles of Cold Wave in Sichuan Basin

Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research (2010)

Rui Shi

Cold wave which is one of the important weather disaster influence the industrial and agricultural production and people's life in the winter half year in China.Cold wave is the object of study at the forecast and study.In the past decades,cold wave has been studied and some helpful Conclusions were obtained.In the paper,the study on the cold wave are summarized and finished in the past years and the climatic general situation is calculated at the Sichuan Basin from 1951 to 2009.The aim is the principle,climatic general situation and prediction method with the cold wave at the Sichuan Basin are comprehended by forecasters.

Cold wave

Cold winter

Cold climate

Sichuan basin

Tarim basin

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The Water Vapor Convergence Discussions of Extremely Cold Rain and Snow Disaster of Sichuan Basin in January 2008

Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research (2008)

Rui Shi

Using NCEP / NCAR data to analyze the extreme cold rain and snow disaster of Sichuan Basin in January 11-25th 2008.The results showed that extremely cold rain and snow weather of Sichuan Basin was related well to the variations of water vapor 、 frontogenetic function of Yangtze River Basin.at the mid-lower level of the troposphere,especially at 700 hPa level,there was water vapor convergence exiting lastly in Sichuan Basin for long time.And the time of convergence of water vapor was congruous with activities of cold air in Sichuan basin,and provided the water vapor conditions for the occurrence of low-temperature disaster.On the other hand,there was frontogenetic function of east-west band distribution in Yangtze River basin.Southwest water vapor,hindered by the stability of the frontogenetic,lasted in Sichuan basin and the area south of the Yangtze River Basin,as a result,water vapor mass was closed for long time in Yangtze River Basin,and aroused troposphere instability at the lower level.Therefore,maintenance of the frontogenetic east-west banding lasted for long time at lower level and water vapor was closed by it,this was an important physics mechanism for producing the cold rain and snow disaster.

Yangtze river

Sichuan basin

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Ship observations and numerical simulation of the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the spring oceanic front in the northwestern South China Sea

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2017)

Rui Shi Ju Chen Xinyu Guo Lili Zeng Jian Li

Abstract The response of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) structure to an oceanic front is analyzed using Global Positioning System (GPS) sounding data obtained during a survey in the northwestern South China Sea (NSCS) over a period of about 1 week in April 2013. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to further examine the thermodynamical mechanisms of the MABL's response to the front. The WRF model successfully simulates the change in the MABL structure across the front, which agrees well with the observations. The spatially high‐pass‐filtered fields of sea surface temperature (SST) and 10 m neutral equivalent wind from the WRF model simulation show a tight, positive coupling between the SST and surface winds near the front. Meanwhile, the SST front works as a damping zone to reduce the enhancement of wind blowing from the warm to the cold side of the front in the lower boundary layer. Analysis of the momentum budget shows that the most active and significant term affecting horizontal momentum over the frontal zone is the adjustment of the pressure gradient. It is found that the front in the NSCS is wide enough for slowly moving air parcels to be affected by the change in underlying SST. The different thermal structure upwind and downwind of the front causes a baroclinic adjustment of the perturbation pressure from the surface to the midlayer of the MABL, which dominates the change in the wind profile across the front.

Cold front

Pressure gradient

10.1002/2016jd026071

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Using Multi-Scale Modeling Systems and Satellite Data to Study the Precipitation Processes

European geosciences union general assembly (2010)

Wei‐Kuo Tao J. Chern S. Lamg Takashi Matsui Bo‐Wen Shen

In recent years, exponentially increasing computer power extended Cloud Resolving Model (CRM) integrations from hours to months, the number of computational grid points from less than a thousand to close to ten million. Three-dimensional models are now more prevalent. Much attention is devoted to precipitating cloud systems where the crucial 1-km scales are resolved in horizontal domains as large as 10,000 km in two-dimensions, and 1,000 x 1,000 sq km in three-dimensions. Cloud resolving models now provide statistical information useful for developing more realistic physically based parameterizations for climate models and numerical weather prediction models. It is also expected that NWP and mesoscale models can be run in grid size similar to cloud resolving models through nesting technique. Recently, a multi-scale modeling system with unified physics was developed at NASA Goddard. It consists of (1) a cloud-resolving model (Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model, GCE model). (2) a regional scale model (a NASA unified weather research and forecast, W8F). (3) a coupled CRM and global model (Goddard Multi-scale Modeling Framework, MMF), and (4) a land modeling system. The same microphysical processes, long and short wave radiative transfer and land processes and the explicit cloud-radiation and cloud-land surface interactive processes are applied in this multi-scale modeling system. This modeling system has been coupled with a multi-satellite simulator to use NASA high-resolution satellite data to identify the strengths and weaknesses of cloud and precipitation processes simulated by the model. In this talk, a review of developments and applications of the multi-scale modeling system will be presented. In particular, the results from using multi-scale modeling systems to study the interactions between clouds, precipitation, and aerosols will be presented. Also how to use the multi-satellite simulator to improve precipitation processes will be discussed.

Unified Model

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Metamorphic evolution of the coesite‐bearing ultrahigh‐pressure terrane in the North Qaidam, Northern Tibet, NW China

Journal of Metamorphic Geology (2003)

Shuguang Song Jingsui Yang Z. Q. Xu J. G. Liou Rui Shi

Abstract Widespread evidence for ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism is reported in the Dulan eclogite‐bearing terrane, the North Qaidam–Altun HP–UHP belt, northern Tibet. This includes: (1) coesite and associated UHP mineral inclusions in zircon separates from paragneiss and eclogite (identified by laser Raman spectroscopy); (2) inclusions of quartz pseudomorphs after coesite and polycrystalline K‐feldspar + quartz in eclogitic garnet and omphacite; and (3) densely oriented SiO 2 lamellae in omphacitic clinopyroxene. These lines of evidence demonstrate that the Dulan region is a UHP metamorphic terrane. In the North Dulan Belt (NDB), eclogites are characterized by the peak assemblage Grt + Omp + Rt + Phn + Coe (pseudomorph) and retrograde symplectites of Cpx + Ab and Hbl + Pl. The peak conditions of the NDB eclogites are P = 2.9–3.2 GPa, and T = 631–687 °C; the eclogite shows a near‐isothermal decompression P–T path suggesting a fast exhumation. In the South Dulan Belt (SDB), three metamorphic stages are recognized in eclogites: (1) a peak eclogite facies stage with the assemblage Grt + Omp + Ky + Rt + Phn at P = 2.9–3.3 GPa and T = 729–746 °C; (2) a high‐pressure granulite facies stage with Grt + Cpx (Jd < 30) + Pl (An24–29) + Scp at P = 1.9–2.0 GPa, T = 873–948 °C; and (3) an amphibolite facies stage with the assemblage Hbl + Pl + Ep/Czo at P = 0.7–0.9 GPa and T = 660–695 °C. The clockwise P–T path of the SDB eclogites is different from the near‐isothermal decompression P–T path from the NDB eclogites, which suggests that the SDB was exhumed to a stable crustal depth at a slower rate. In essence these two sub‐belts formed in different tectonic settings; they both subducted to mantle depths of around 100 km, but were exhumed to the Earth's surface separately along different paths. This UHP terrane plays an important role in understanding continental collision in north‐western China.

Coesite

Omphacite

Pseudomorph

Phengite

Dalradian

10.1046/j.1525-1314.2003.00469.x

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Citations (239)

Changes in lengths of the four seasons over the drylands in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes

Journal of Climate (2021)

Jiamin Wang Xiaodan Guan Yuping Guan Kaiwei Zhu Rui Shi

Abstract Due to global warming, the lengths of the four seasons, which are always taken as constant values, have experienced significant variations with rising temperature. Such changes play different roles on regional climate change, with the most significant effect on drylands. To guarantee local crop yields and preserve ecosystems, the identification of the changes of the four seasons in drylands is important. Our results show that, relative to humid lands, changing trends in lengths of spring, summer and autumn were particularly enhanced in drylands of the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes during 1951-2020. In this period, summer length has increased by 0.51 day per year, while spring and autumn lengths have contracted by 0.14 and 0.14 day per year, respectively. However, the enhanced changes in drylands did not appear in winter length. Such changes of spring, summer and autumn in drylands are dominated by internal variability over the entire study period, with a stronger external forcing effect on drylands than on humid lands. In drylands, the external forcing contributed to the changes in lengths of spring, summer and autumn by 30.1%, 42.2% and 29.4%, respectively. The external forcing has become an increasingly important component since 1990, with the ability to dominate all seasons in drylands after 2010. Nevertheless, only one out of the 16 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models used in this study can capture the enhanced changes in the lengths of spring, summer and autumn in drylands. Further investigation on the local effects of changes in seasons on agriculture and ecosystem would be needed, especially for the fragile regions.

Forcing (mathematics)

Middle latitudes

Low latitude

10.1175/jcli-d-20-0774.1

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Global Dynamics of Grassland FVC and LST and Spatial Distribution of Their Correlation (2001–2022)

Plants (2025)

Zhenggong Miao Ji Chen Chuanglu Wang Shouhong Zhang Y.H. Ma

Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) are critical indicators for assessing grassland ecosystems. Based on global remote sensing data for FVC and LST from 2001 to 2022, this study employs the Mann–Kendall trend test and Spearman correlation analysis to explore the dynamic changes in and spatial distribution patterns of both variables. The results indicate that the FVC is increasing in regions such as Europe, the eastern southern Sahara, western India, eastern South America, western and southern North America, and central China. However, it is decreasing in southern Canada, the central United States, and northern Australia. Significant increases in LST are observed in subarctic regions and the Tibetan Plateau, attributed to polar warming effects associated with global climate change. Conversely, the LST is decreasing in central China, eastern coastal Australia, and southern Africa. The global FVC–LST relationship exhibits the following four distinct spatial distribution patterns: (1) FVC increase and LST increase (Type 1), (2) FVC increase and LST decrease (Type 2), (3) FVC decrease and LST increase (Type 3), and (4) FVC decrease and LST decrease (Type 4). Type 1, covering 33.72%, is primarily found in high-latitude and high-altitude areas, such as subarctic regions and the Tibetan Plateau. Type 2, the largest group (46.98%), is mainly located in eastern North America, eastern South America, and southern Africa. Type 3, which comprises 18.72%, is concentrated in arid and semi-arid regions, while Type 4, representing only 0.59%, lacks clear spatial distribution patterns.

Subarctic climate

10.3390/plants14030439

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