To provide supports for the cancer prevention and control strategies in China by comparing the disease burden, epidemic trends, 5-year relative survival rate and major determinants of common cancers between China and the United States.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable risk factor causing the global burden of disease and one of China's most significant public health issues. Continuous and dynamic tobacco monitoring can provide critical index data for developing tobacco control strategies and measures and evaluating the impact of tobacco control. The WHO has incorporated monitoring programs into the crucial content of tobacco control and put forward relevant compliance requirements in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The Chinese government has actively promoted tobacco control significantly since the entry into force of the FCTC in China and continuously strengthened tobacco monitoring. In 2021, China's tobacco monitoring was honored to have reached the highest level required by the WHO. This study introduces the sampling design of tobacco surveys, monitoring content, the definition of key indicators and data weighting based on a complex sampling design, analyzing the challenges facing in the current setting, and provides a reference for the understanding and utilization of the data, the comparison of the results, and the future development of tobacco monitoring. The surveys involved in this study will focus on the specialized epidemiological surveys of tobacco for adults and adolescents carried out nationwide.烟草使用是导致全球疾病负担主要的可预防危险因素，是我国面临的重大公共卫生问题。连续动态的烟草监测可以为制定控烟策略和措施、评价控烟效果提供关键指标数据。WHO将烟草监测纳入控烟的重要内容并在《烟草控制框架公约》中提出相关履约要求。中国政府积极推进控烟工作，特别是《烟草控制框架公约》生效以来，烟草监测得到不断加强，2021年起，我国的烟草监测工作被WHO评为达到最高等级。本文主要对全国范围内开展的成人和青少年烟草流行病学专项调查抽样设计、监测内容、关键指标定义和基于复杂抽样的数据加权进行阐述，并提出我国当前烟草监测面临的挑战，以期为我国烟草流行专项调查数据的理解和利用、调查结果的比较以及今后我国烟草监测工作的开展提供参考。.
Objective: To examine the trend of burden on ischemic heart disease (IHD) and epidemiological transition on related risk factors among the Chinese population from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Based on open access data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study, we used years of life lost (YLD), years lived with disability (YLL), and disability-adjusted of life years (DALY) to describe the changes of IHD burden stratified by different sex and age groups from 1990 to 2017. We applied population-attributable faction (PAF) to analyze the burden attributable to risk factors and epidemiological transition. Results: In 2017, rates on YLD, YLL, and DALY for IHD were 74.2/100 000, 2 459.6/100 000, and 2 523.1/100 000, respectively. DALY rate and YLL rate for IHD in males were invariably higher than those in females except for YLD rate in females. 24 modifiable risk factors were causally associated with IHD. The top five risk factors that influencing DALYs, PAF, and DALY rate in 2017 appeared as: high blood pressure (16.429 million person years, 54.6%, 1 163.1/100 000), high LDL cholesterol (13 941 million person years, 46.3%, 987.0/100 000), diet high in sodium (10.900 million person years, 36.2%, 771.1/100 000), smoking (8.647 million person years, 28.7%, 612.2/100 000), and low-nut diet (7.452 million person years, 24.8%, 527.6/100 000). DALY rate for IHD showed an increase of 90.9%, from 1 116.4/100 000 in 1990 to 2 131.0/100 000 in 2017. Compared with 1990, the YLD rate experienced an evident increase in those aged 15-49 and over 70, in 2017. Annual average growth rate of YLD rate was higher in the ≥70 age group, between 2007 and 2017 (0.4%) than that between 1990 and 2007 (0.2%). The annual average increasing rates of both YLL and DALY were much lower from 2007 to 2017 (0.6%, 0.6%) than those from 1990 to 2007 (1.3%, 1.2%). From 1990 to 2017, DALYs attributed to meaty food (929.7%), beverages with high sugar content (822.7%), and high body-mass index (327.3%) experienced the highest increase. The largest increase in PAF occurred for beverages with high sugar content (400.0%). DALY rates increased for the 8 risk factors whereas decreased on the 7 risk factors, in consecutive rankings between 2007 and 2017. Conclusions: Despite the fact that burden on IHD-caused premature death had been reducing, related disabilities remain challenging with IHD the leading cause of burden, particularly in the ≥70 year-olds. Higher IHD burden from premature death was seen in males but disability appeared higher in females. It is significantly important to strengthen programs on prevention and control for hypertension including reducing modifiable risk factors such as smoking, unreasonable diet habits.
With the continuous development of informatization, big data has been increasingly used in the prevention and control of chronic diseases, which has a significant and considerable influence on public health. This paper briefly introduces the definition, characteristics and classification of big data and healthy big data, focusing on the analysis methods and their applications in tertiary prevention, as well as the challenges in technology, data management, sharing and quality, ethics and privacy, with the aim of providing more research approaches for healthy big data application in chronic disease prevention and control.
Tobacco use is a major preventable contributor to premature death and disease globally. Tobacco epidemic monitoring plays a vital role in tobacco control, considered an essential component of tobacco control in the WHO
Objective: To describe the relapse status of smokers aged ≥15 years in China, and investigate the main factors influencing their relapse behavior. Methods: The data of this study cames from the 2018 China Adult Tobacco Survey, covering 400 committees or villages in 200 districts or counties in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of China. The relevant data of smoking and relapsing in residents aged ≥15 years were collected by face-to-face interview. Software SAS 9.4 was used to clean and analyze the data, and logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for relapse rate. Results: A total of 19 376 questionnaires were completed, with a response rate of 91.50%. In 2018, 66.05% of smokers aged ≥15 years in China had smoking relapse, in whom 66.59% were males and 55.79% were females. In all age groups, the age group 15-24 years had the highest smoking relapse rate (82.63%). Multivariate analysis showed that the younger age 15-24 years (OR=4.618,95%CI:1.981-10.763), e-cigarette use (OR=9.782,95%CI:3.139-30.490), and tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship in the past 30 days (OR=1.710,95%CI:1.291-2.265) were associated with higher smoking relapse rate. Compared with people who were allowed smoking at home or those without smoking limit, the smoking relapse rate in people who were not allowed to smoke at home (OR=0.562, 95%CI: 0.439-0.719) or those with smoking limit (OR=0.487, 95%CI: 0.366-0.647) was lower. Conclusion: The smoking relapse rate in Chinese smokers is high, especially in young people. It is suggested to conduct targeted intervention based on the results of this study to reduce the smoking relapse rate and help achieve the smoking control goal in Healthy China 2030.目的： 描述我国≥15岁吸烟人群复吸情况，分析影响复吸行为的主要因素。 方法： 本研究数据来源于2018年中国成人烟草调查，覆盖31个省（自治区、直辖市）的200个区/县的400个居委会/村，以面对面调查的方式收集≥15岁居民吸烟和复吸的相关数据。采用SAS 9.4软件进行数据清洗和分析，logistic回归模型分析复吸率的影响因素。 结果： 调查共完成个人问卷19 376份，应答率为91.50%。2018年我国≥15岁吸烟者中复吸率为66.05%，其中男性66.59%，女性55.79%；15~24岁年龄组复吸率最高（82.63%）。多因素分析结果显示，15~24岁年龄组（OR=4.618，95%CI：1.981~10.763）、现在使用电子烟（OR=9.782，95%CI：3.139~30.490）、过去30 d看到过烟草广告、促销和赞助（OR=1.710，95%CI：1.291~2.265）人群的复吸率较高；与家中室内允许吸烟或没有规定相比，完全不允许吸烟（OR=0.562，95%CI：0.439~0.719）和部分允许吸烟（OR=0.487，95%CI：0.366~0.647）的人群复吸率较低。 结论： 中国吸烟者的复吸率较高，尤其是年轻人。建议针对本研究发现的影响因素开展相应的干预以降低复吸率，助力实现“健康中国2030”既定的控烟目标。.
Abstract Investigating vegetation coverage and quantitatively evaluating environmental changes can serve as the science knowledge in ecological protection, resource management, and policy-making, promoting harmonious coexistence between human and nature. In this study, we had explored the separation in space and time of evolutionary characteristics and driving factors of NDVI in Nanchang City from 2000 to 2022 based on Hurst Exponent, ReliefF feature selection algorithm, Geographical detector and so on. The results are: (1) From temporal dimension, the average NDVI in Nanchang City was 0.453, showing an overall upward trend. Although the growth rate gradually slowed over time. (2) In terms of spatial changes, vegetation in Nanchang City overall exhibited a characteristic of reverse sustained development, showing trends of "improvement around rivers and lakes" and "large-scale degradation of urban land." (3) The ReliefF proved to be more suitable among the three algorithms in the temporal dimension-driven analysis. Human factors are the dominant factors significantly influencing the changes in NDVI, while meteorological factors are not as significant. (4) The driver-analysis of geographical dector shows that population density, nighttime lights, and land cover types emerged as significant driving factors. Regions where NDVI and human factors have negative correlation are primarily centred in the heart of Nanchang City and Jinxian County; while the positive correlations are found around rivers and lakes. This study delves into the changing patterns of vegetation cover in Nanchang City, providing scientific guidance for the protection and regulation the regional ecological environment to bring about a sustainable development.
Objective: To investigate secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among non-current smokers aged 15 and over and its influencing factors in China in 2010 and 2018. Methods: The 2010 and 2018 China Adult Tobacco Surveys used multistage stratified cluster random sampling methods to obtain national representative samples across 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China. This study selected non-current smokers aged 15 and over as the research subjects to describe the general demographic characteristics, perceptions of SHS hazards, attitudes towards smoking bans in indoor areas in public places, and SHS exposure and the smoking restriction regulations in different places. The Rao-Scott χ2 test was used to compare the rates, and the unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of SHS exposure. All the subjects in the analysis were weighted based on a complex sampling design. Results: Among non-current smokers aged 15 and over, from 2010 to 2018, the percentage of indoor smokers had decreased from 84.7% to 71.9%. The rates of people who saw smoking in various places declined with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). The exposure to SHS for females, people aged 45-64, teachers, medical staff, workers in enterprises, businesses, waiters, and people who live in rural and central areas declined. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In 2018, the percentage of SHS exposure for those who reported a comprehensive smoking ban in households or allowed smoking in certain areas was lower than for those who reported allowed or without a smoking ban. Among those aged 25-44, SHS exposure for those who reported complete smoking prohibition in workplaces was lower than those who reported allowed or without smoking prohibition (OR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.49-0.87). The proportion of SHS exposure for those who believe that smoking should not be allowed in indoor areas of 0-5 public places is higher than that smoking should not be allowed in the indoor spaces of 8 public places (OR=2.13, 95%CI: 1.35-3.36). Among people aged 45-64, the proportions of SHS exposure for teachers (OR=0.37, 95%CI: 0.17-0.78) and medical staff (OR=0.35, 95%CI: 0.16-0.76) and staff working in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy were lower than governmental staff (OR=0.49, 95%CI: 0.29-0.84). Conclusions: Data from the decreased exposure of Chinese non-current smokers aged 15 and over to SHS suggests the initial achievement through constructing a smoke-free environment, but continued efforts are needed. It is necessary to actively advocate for smoke-free families, strengthen publicity and education on the hazards of tobacco and SHS, and improve the skills of non-smokers in rejecting SHS exposure.目的： 了解2010与2018年中国≥15岁非现在吸烟人群二手烟暴露情况及其影响因素。 方法： 2010与2018年中国成人烟草调查均覆盖全国31个省（自治区、直辖市），采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样获得全国代表性样本。本研究选择≥15岁非现在吸烟人群作为研究对象，经基于复杂抽样加权后，对一般人口学特征、二手烟危害的认知、公共场所室内区域禁烟的态度，以及不同场所二手烟暴露情况、限制吸烟的规定进行描述，采用Rao-Scott χ2检验进行率的比较、非条件logistic回归进行二手烟暴露影响因素分析。 结果： ≥15岁非现在吸烟人群中，看到有人室内吸烟的比例从2010年的84.7%下降到2018年的71.9%，在各个场所看到吸烟的比例均有所下降，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001）；女性、45~64岁、教师、医务人员、企业/商业/服务业人员、农村和中部地区人群二手烟暴露情况均有所改善，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2018年，在各年龄组中，家庭全面禁烟或部分区域允许吸烟的二手烟暴露比例均低于家庭允许吸烟或无禁烟规定；在25~44岁人群中，所在工作场所全面禁烟的二手烟暴露比例低于允许吸烟或无禁烟规定（OR=0.65，95%CI：0.49~0.87），认为0~5类公共场所室内区域不应该允许吸烟的二手烟暴露比例高于8类公共场所（OR=2.13，95%CI：1.35~3.36）；在45~64岁人群中，教师（OR=0.37，95%CI：0.17~0.78）、医务人员（OR=0.35，95%CI：0.16~0.76）、农林牧渔水利人员（OR=0.49，95%CI：0.29~0.84）二手烟暴露比例均低于政府/事业单位人员。 结论： 中国≥15岁非现在吸烟人群二手烟暴露情况整体有所改善，无烟环境建设初现成效，但建设力度还需要进一步加大。要积极倡导无烟家庭建设，加强烟草危害宣传教育，提高非吸烟者拒绝二手烟暴露技巧。.
With the big data industry accelerating towards incremental, high-quality and intelligent upgrading and iteration, algorithm and computing power, data and intelligence empowerment has become the most important driving forces of Chinese media industry. This study applies literature research, in-depth interviews and case studies to systematically analyze how big data and AI technology are implemented in Chinese media institutions, such as CCTV, ByteDance, Alibaba, Tencent etc. The results show that the big data application of Chinese media industry has entered the era of intelligent advancement while the media's understanding of content, users and scenes has been improved in quantity and quality. And the renewal of ideas, integration of technologies and support from internet enterprises give Chinese media institutions more opportunities for innovation and development in the new digital era through the construction of digital intelligent media ecosystem.
Objective: To describe the current situation on quit intention and quit attempts among current smokers aged 15 years and above in China and explore the main factors affecting their smoking cessation behaviors. Methods: The subjects were people aged 15 years and above in China. A stratified multi-phased randomized cluster sampling method was used. The survey covered 200 districts/counties in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), including 19 376 people under investigation. The data were weighted with SAS 9.4 for complex sampling analysis, and the frequency and weighted component ratio were used for description. The influencing factors were studied using the Rao Scott χ2 test and unconditional multivariate logistic regression. Results: Among current smokers, 6.63% reported that they planned to quit smoking in the next month, 5.44% for men and 8.49% for women. 17.96% of the current smokers made quit attempts in the past 12 months, with 17.80% men and 22.15% women. People who smoke occasionally (OR=3.42, 95%CI: 2.09-5.59) made quit attempts in the past (OR=4.91, 95%CI: 0.33-0.52) and knew that smoking would lead to three diseases (OR=2.24, 95%CI: 1.48-3.40) had higher quit intention. People who occasionally smoke (OR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.20-2.34) received smoking cessation suggestions from medical staff (OR=1.96, 95%CI: 1.62-2.37), were a ware of that smoking causes three diseases (OR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.32-2.02) and had smoking prohibition regulations in indoor areas of their homes, had a higher rate of quit attempts. Conclusion: Providing effective smoking cessation intervention services and creating a supportive tobacco control environment are significant in promoting smoking cessation behavior.目的： 描述我国≥15岁现在吸烟者戒烟意愿及尝试戒烟行为，探讨影响其戒烟行为的主要因素。 方法： 研究对象为我国≥15岁现在吸烟者。采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样，在全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）共抽取200个监测点，最终完成调查19 376人。数据加权后，使用SAS 9.4软件复杂抽样设计方法进行分析，采用频数和加权构成比进行描述，使用Rao-Scott χ2检验和非条件多因素logistic回归进行影响因素分析。 结果： 6.63%的现在吸烟者准备在1个月内戒烟，男性为5.44%，女性为8.49%。17.96%的现在吸烟者在过去12个月尝试过戒烟，男性为17.80%，女性为22.15%。多因素分析结果显示，偶尔吸烟（OR=3.42，95%CI：2.09~5.59）、尝试过戒烟（OR=4.91，95%CI：0.33~0.52）以及知晓吸烟导致3种疾病（OR=2.24，95%CI：1.48~3.40），戒烟意愿较高。偶尔吸烟（OR=1.68，95%CI：1.20~2.34）、接受过医务人员的戒烟建议（OR=1.96，95%CI：1.62~2.37）、知晓吸烟导致3种疾病（OR=1.63，95%CI：1.32~2.02），尝试戒烟率较高。 结论： 提供有效的戒烟干预服务以及创建控烟支持性环境对促进戒烟行为具有重要意义。.
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