The generally used eleven Di-nucleotide repeat microsatellite markers cause ‘stutter', which makes it difficult to estimate the accurate allele size. This study was conducted to solve this problem and to propose new thirteen microsatellite markers (BTRC6_01, BTRC19_02, BTRC11_03, BTRC16_05, BTRC9_07, BPC19_08, BTEC17_09, BPC21_10, BTEC4_11, BPC7_12, BPC1_13, BHXC29_14, BPC1_15) composed of tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotide repeat microsatellite loci as genetic parameters for Hanwoo discrimination and genetic diversity analysis. After testing on 1530 cattle with 13 tested microsatellite loci, a total of 61 alleles were detected and the mean number of alleles per locus was 4.69. The Polymorphism Information Contents (PIC) ranged from 0.25(BTRC9_07) to 0.59(BTEC17_09). Since BHXC29_14, BPC1_13, BTEC17_09, BTRC16_05, BTRC19_02, and BTRC6_01 were highly informative(PIC>0.5) and the rest of the loci were reasonably informative (PIC>0.25), the thirteen loci are considered to have enough polymorphism for bovine identification. Heterozygosity and FIS (inbreeding coefficient) value in all cattle population of 2 local brand Hanwoo (Yeongam Hanwoo;YH and Jangheung;JH) and 7 breeds of European cattle (Brown Swiss;BS, Limousin;LM, Angus;AG, Simmental;SM, Hereford;HF, Charolais;CH and Holstein;HT) were calculated to identify genetic diversity and characteristics of Hanwoo. The expected heterozygosity of Hanwoo was 0.532(YH) and 0.545(JH), compared to 0.451(BS)~0.605(AG). Phylogenetic analysis among Hanwoo and 7 breeds of European cattle was conducted by estimating Nei's genetic distance based on specific allele frequencies. Among other European breeds, SM showed the closest genetic distance (0.1848) to Hanwoo.
말 산업 육성 정책의 성장 척도를 가늠하는 말 사육두수는 2015년 대비 786두(3.0%) 증가한 27,116두로 2015년에 이어 지속적인 성장 추세에 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 그 중 승용 10,766두(39.7%), 경주용 7,732두(28.5%), 번식용 4,494두(16.6%) 등으로 승용마의 사육두수가 점차 증가 하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 말은 계절번식을 하는 동물로써 말 의 비발정주기는 주로 겨울철로 알려져 있으나(Daels PF and Hughes JP, 1993; England GCW, 1996) 아직까지 말의 발정주기 분석에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이고, 암말 의 번식양상은 다른 종(species)들과 차이가 있으며 가장 낮은 번식 효율성을 갖고 있다 (Ginther, 1992). 암말의 발정주기는 개체마다 큰 차이를 보이고 있으며, 아직까지 정확한 원인 분석은 이루어지지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구의 공시축은 25두이며, 자궁경 검사는 자 연종부 한 말을 대상으로 질경 기구를 이용하여 임신여부를 확인하였다. 정상적인 난소 주기와 비정상적인 난소주기의 분석을 위해 난소주기형을 4가지 유형으로 분류 정의하였 으며, 난소주기가 진행이 되면 배란된 날에 난소주기가 재개된 것으로 간주하였다. 정상 적인 발정주기를 보이는 개체는 약 21일 주기로 호르몬의 변화를 보였으며, 비정상적인 발정주기를 보이는 개체에서는 40일 정도까지 발정이 지연되는 지연발정, 조기발정, 무발 정 등의 양상을 보였다. 총 21두의 공시마 중 13두(61.9%)만이 정상적인 난소주기를 보 였으며, 공시마 8두(38.1%)는 난소주기가 지연되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 난소주기 지 연을 보인 공시마 중 2두(9.5%)는 황체기가 계속 이어지는 난소주기 지연 Ⅰ형, 1두(4.8%) 는 배란이 지연되는 난소주기 재개지연 Ⅱ형, 5두(23.8%)는 난소주기가 길어지는 난소주 기의 재개지연 Ⅲ형이었다. 암말의 배란을 확인하기 위한 초음파검사 결과 우세난포 (40~50mm 이상) 관찰 후 6시간 이내에 11두에서 배란이 일어났으며 9시간 이내에 2두, 24시간 까지는 총 21두(100%)에서 배란을 확인하였다. 정상적으로 계절번식을 하는 개체 에서는 약 150일 가량 발정이 멈추는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 10월에 3두(16.7%), 11월 에 5두(27.8%), 12월에 5두(27.8%)가 발정이 정지되었으며, 나머지 5두(27.8%)에서는 겨 울철에도 발정이 지속되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 발정이 정지된 개체는 이듬해 3월까 지 발정이 정지되어 있었으며, 비번식 계절에도 27.8%는 발정이 지속되었다. 18두 중 4 월에 11두(61.1%), 5월에 2두(11.1%)의 발정이 재귀되었다.
This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and physico-chemical meat quality properties for Jeju-horse (Jeju-horse×Thoroughbred) with different fattening periods (4-, 8- and 13.5-month). In chemical composition, the moisture contents were decreased as the fattening periods increased. The fat contents were 3.78% at 4-months and they were decreased such as 70∼76% at 13.5-months whereas the protein contents increased as the fattening period increased. The cooking loss was highest (33.41%) at 4-months group and decreased after that periods, however, there was no significant difference among 3 fattening period groups. The Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) values were lowest at 4-months group and tended to increase as the fattening period increased. In mineral contents, the contents of Fe, Na, Zn were significantly higher for 4-month group than 8- and 13.5-month group whereas the contents of Mg were significantly lower for 4-month group than 8- and 13.5-month group (p＜0.05). The results of the amino acid composition analysis showed that cystein, methionine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, lysine, histidine, arginine contents were significantly increased and tyrosine contents were significantly decreased as the fattening period increased (p<0.05). The contents of palmitic acid (C16:0) were highest at 4-month group and they decreased as the fattening period increased (p＜0.05). The contents of oleic acid (C18:ln9) were highest at 8-month group and they were lowest at 13.5-month group. The total contents of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher for 13.5-month group than those for 4-month groups (p＜0.05). In conclusions, the fat contents were decreased whereas the protein, Fe, Mg contents and WHC increased as the fattening periods increased. Overall contents of amino acids increased only except several amino acids. The total contents of unsaturated fatty acids were increased as the fattening period increased, however they were not significantly different when those were fattened more than 8-month. These results indicated that longer fattening period could be more effective to enhance horse meat quality.
This study was to evaluate the feed value of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) and to investigate a suitable ratio of the WCRS and concentrate by an analysis of rumen fermentation. A total of 6 treatments were used according to WCRS: concentrate ratio on in vitro rumen fermentation: T1 (100:0), T2 (60:40), T3 (40:60), T4 (20:80), T5 (10:90), and T6 (0:100). The ruminal pH, total gas emission, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were determined as fermentation parameters. Total nutrients digestibility trial was conducted by 4 treatments according to WCRS: concentrate ratio at 40:60 (W40), 20:80 (W20), and 10:90 (W10), respectively. Feed value was analyzed according to AOAC (2019) and nutrient digestibility was calculated based on NRC (2001). The levels of crude protein (CP), crude fat, and neutral detergent fiber of the WCRS were 12.29%, 1.67%, and 59.79%, respectively. It was found to be 51.49% as a result of predicting the total digestible nutrient of WCRS using the NRC (2001) model. In vitro rumen fermentation, T4, T5, and T6 treatments showed a greater gas emission and total VFA concentration compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Acetate and acetate to propionate ratio of T4, T5, and T6 were significantly higher than other treatments (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the level of propionate and butyrate according to the WCRS: concentrate ratio (p<0.05). The digestibility of dry matter and CP was significantly lower in W40 than in other treatments (p<0.05); however, there was no difference in W20 and W10. In conclusion, the 20:80 (WCRS: concentrate) is beneficial for stabilizing the rumen that does not inhibit rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion. This ratio might have a positive effect on the economics of farms as a valuable feed.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different stockpiled periods on the nutritive value and productivity of mixed orchardgrass tall-fescue pasture (MOTP). This experiment was conducted at Jeju (island), South Korea, from Sep. 2012 to Nov. 2012. The DM yield of the MOTP had the highest in treatment in late August (2,983 kg/ha). The DM yields of swards were increased significantly by shortening the stockpiled period. The CP of the MOTP was 16.5% to 18.16%, and there did not appear to be a consistent trend in accordance with the duration of the stockpiled periods. The NDF and TDN content of the MOTP increased with the delay of the stockpiled periods, but there is a significant difference between the short- and long-stockpile periods; however, the ADF content of the MOTP decreased with shortened stockpile periods, but again, there is a significant difference between the two periods. In addition, P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Zn of MOTP increased by delaying the stockpile period, but Mn and Cu of MOTP decreased. As shown in the results of this research, the yield of MOTP was not increased by the atrophy of the growth of MOTP due to high temperatures in case where the MOTP was stockpiled from the beginning of August. The stockpile period of MOTP should therefore be started at the end of August to yield a stockpile of MOTP in the autumn.
The objective of this study was to determine the growth characteristics of cool (C1) and warm season grasses (C2) in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 suitable for grazing horses and effect of pastures mixed with tall and short grasses on the intake characteristics of horses. C1 used in this study was Kentucky bluegrass, Redtop (short type grass) and tall type grasses were orchardgrass and tall fescue, respectively. The short type grass used as C2 was Bermudagrass. This study had the following four treatment groups: 1) Treatment 1 (Bermudagrass + Kentucky bluegrass + Redtop) 2) Treatment 2 (Bermudagrass + tall fescue + orchardgrass) 3) Treatment 3 (Kentucky bluegrass + Redtop) 4) Treatment 4 (tall fescue + orchardgrass). There was no winterkilling or lodging problem at an altitude of 200 m. Plant heights in mixed pasture of Treatment 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 53.9, 58.2, 57.5, and 78.1 cm, respectively. Plant height was the highest in Treatment 4. Dry matter yield was in the following order : Treatment 4 > Treatment 3 > Treatment 2 > Treatment 1. In the first investigation regarding vegetation distribution, Bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 70% and 66.7%, respectively. Overall, other grasses showed poor growth. In the second investigation of vegetation distribution, Bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 80% and 60.7%, respectively. Crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber content, acid detergent fiber content, digestibility value, and nutritive values were the lowest in Treatment 4, followed by those in Treatment 1, Treatment 2 and Treatment 3.
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