In the process of geologic history,the TOC gradually decreased with the mass hydrocarbon expulsion after the source rock entered the mature stage,especially for source rocks that are in high mature or over mature stage,this change is more outstanding.Therefore,it will contribute to evaluate the original hydrocarbon generation ability of the source rock as well as the actual contribution amount for hydrocarbon accumulation accurately if the residual TOC in present source rock is restored to a stage in which the source rock hasn't expelled hydrocarbon.According to the change of residual hydrocarbon generation materials in the evolution process of source rocks,the author restored a geological conceptual model about the TOC recovery,proposed a quantitative pattern between TOC evolution and the main controlling factors,then,through giving a certain value for each fator calculated the TOC recovery coefficient,made the TOC evolution charts for muddy source rocks and carbonate source rocks in the case of different kerogen types.The main characteristic of this method is that it is able to avoid the deviation that subjective factors and physical simulation experiment conditions may lead to.The results are as follows:With the thermal evolution level increasing,the residual TOC in source rocks reduces gradually,in large hydrocarbon expulsion stages(Ro=0.5%~2.0%),the reduction amount is biggest for source rocks in high mature-over mature stage(Ro>1.2%),the recovery coefficient gradually increased with the increasing of Ro.The TOC recovery coefficients can respectively reach to 3.0,2.0,1.4 for muddy source rocks in case of kerogen type I?II?III;for carbonate source rocks,the TOC recovery coefficients are respectively 3.2,2.2,1.5.For deep source rocks of different kerogen types;the standards of effective source rocks are different,not to mention appling the evaluation standard of shallow effective source rocks.It is not right to remove source rocks with low TOC out of effective source rocks when predicting favorable exploration area and evaluating of hydrocarbon resources potential in the deep of the petroliferous basin.
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Abstract Based on a detailed survey of the distribution and organic geochemical characteristics of potential source rocks in the South Slope of the Niuzhuang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, a new approach to assess the amount of hydrocarbons generated and expelled has been developed. The approach is applicable to evaluate hydrocarbons with different genetic mechanisms. The results show that the models for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion vary with potential source rocks, depending on thermal maturity, types of organic matter and paleoenvironment. Hydrocarbons are mostly generated and expelled from source rocks within the normal oil window. It was calculated that the special interval (algal‐rich shales of the Es 4 member formed in brackish environments) in the South Slope of the Niuzhuang Sag has a much higher potential of immature oil generation than the other intervals in the area. This suggests that hydrocarbons can definitely be generated in early diagenesis, especially under certain special geological settings. The proportion of hydrocarbons generated and expelled from the Es 4 shales in the early diagenetic stage is up to 26.75% and 17.36%, respectively. It was also observed that laminated shales have a much higher expulsion efficiency than massive mudstones. In contrast, the special interval of the Es 4 shales proposed from previous studies is probably not the whole rock for oil in the South Slope of the Niuzhuang Sag because of the small proportion of the gross volume and corresponding low percentage of hydrocarbons generated and expelled. A much lower expulsion efficiency of the source rock during the early stage relative to that within the normal oil window has been calculated. Our results indicate that the Es 4 mudstones rather than the shales deposited in the Niuzhuang and Guangli Sag are the main source rocks for the oil discovered.
A systematic phytochemical examination of the whole plant Dracocephalum forrestii led to the isolation of 4 new and 65 known chemical constituents. By detailed 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, the new compounds were identified as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol 8- O-[(6- O-syringoyl)- beta- D-glucopyranoside] (1), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethanol beta- D-glucopyranoside ( 2), 4- O-[ beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)- alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl]phenylethylcinnamamide (3), and 9''- O- N-butyl lithospermate (4). The new isolates were evaluated for inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 2 revealed a moderate effect without any cytotoxicity under the assayed concentrations.
OBJECTIVE To establish the quality specification of Bitong Cataplasm.METHODS The TLC methods were used to identify Dipsaci Radix,Taxilli Herba,Zanthoxyli Radix and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata.The content of Cinnamaldehyde in Bitong Cataplasm was determined by HPLC.RESULTS The TLC spots were fairly clear and the blank test showed no interference.The calibration curves were linear in the range of 7.828-78.280ng(r=0.99992) for imperatorin.The average recovery(n=6) was 98.35% and with RSD 0.52%.CONCLUSION This method could control the quality of Bitong Cataplasm effectively.
This article introduces our ongoing project “Construction of a Century Solar Chromosphere Data Set for Solar Activity Related Research”. Solar activities are the major sources of space weather that affects human lives. Some of the serious space weather consequences, for instance, include interruption of space communication and navigation, compromising the safety of astronauts and satellites, and damaging power grids. Therefore, the solar activity research has both scientific and social impacts. The major database is built up from digitized and standardized film data obtained by several observatories around the world and covers a timespan more than 100 years. After careful calibration, we will develop feature extraction and data mining tools and provide them together with the comprehensive database for the astronomical community. Our final goal is to address several physical issues: filament behavior in solar cycles, abnormal behavior of solar cycle 24, large-scale solar eruptions, and sympathetic remote brightenings. Significant progresses are expected in data mining algorithms and software development, which will benefit the scientific analysis and eventually advance our understanding of solar cycles.
The Carboniferous oil in the Tazhong-4 Oilfield situated in the tectonic high of the Tazhong uplift,is quite different from the surrounding oil.High resolution mass spectrum and GC-MS is utilized to reveal the genetic mechanism of the oil.It is observed that the Tazhong-4oil are abundant in both n-alkanes(suggesting no or little biodegradation)and biodegraded tricyclic terpanes as well as 25-norhopanes(indicating strong biodegradation)based on GC-MS analysis,which suggests multiple phases of petroleum charging in the area.No abnormal sulfur compounds are detected from the Tazhong-4 oils by FT-ICR MS,namely little sulfur compounds with low values of double-bond equivalent(DBE)detected,and no abnormality is observed for the gases associated with the Tazhong oil from views of both the composition as well as distribution and the stable carbon isotope,which suggests no or little TSR alteration of the Tazhong-4 Carboniferous oil.It is also found that the composition and relative distribution of the sulfur compounds in the Tazhong-4 oilfield is similar to that of the majority of the Lower Ordovician oil,suggesting agenetic affinity between them.It has been testified by experiments that oil-mixing of deep oil such as the Low Ordovician oil with the shallow oil could result in a kind of high dibenzothiophen(DBT)oil like the Tazhong-4 oil.After a comprehensive geochemical and geological investigation,we believe that it was deep oil-mixing that caused the unusually high DBT oil in the Tazhong-4 oilfield rather than TSR.
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