As the history of past U.S. efforts to use technology to bring progress to other nations reveals, the United States should focus its current digital diplomacy efforts on small wins, not transformative victories.
Social entrepreneurship has received substantial general attention, though formal research interest in the concept has been more limited. I propose using the capabilities approach as a unifying theoretical framework in comprehending the concept. This approach is useful in evaluating and then linking the causal, motivational, behavioural and directive dimensions of social entrepreneurship. Consequently, an illustrative theoretical framework is developed to guide future research that is cognizant of the similarities and differences between conventional and social entrepreneurship.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Western powers alike the US and the EU have long been at loggerheads over how to bring Burma back into the international fold. Whereas ASEAN has preferred to use “constructive engagement” that does not publicly ostracize Burma, Western powers have had longstanding economic sanctions in place regarding trade and investment. Which approach is more effective? Recent openings by Burma or (officially) Myanmar suggest that ASEAN’s carrots may pave the way for the removal of Western powers’ sticks instead of the other way around.
Insofar as numerous ecotourism destinations host indigenous communities, these sites add emphasis to sustainable tourism's cultural dimension alongside its environmental one. Especially noteworthy is the interplay between formal and informal institutions for decision-making regarding ecotourist infrastructure. Contemporary literature advocating participation seldom concerns the often-substantial role played by informal institutions, preferring to focus on formal institutions. As a result, even well-meaning formal institutions meant to encourage participation can be undermined by disregarding established informal institutions that retain contemporary relevance in governance-related matters. In this article, we redress this imbalance by analyzing six distinct projects undertaken in the Philippine mountain retreat of Sagada between 1994 and 2013, focusing on formal/informal institutional interplay in decision-making. That formal institutions do not always dominate informal ones has wider implications for initiatives designed to encourage community participation. To this end, we develop a typological theory which identifies factors affecting informal institutions' adaptations to formal ones: goodness of fit, retrofitting, decoupling and bricolage. These adaptations have policymaking implications for helping to promote indigenous people's rights to self-determination in sustainable contexts. Sagada's backdrop also provides a useful vantage point in discerning how international rights conventions filter down to local-level implementation.
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