The differential cross-sections of the pre-equilibrium reactions were calculated within the exciton model (EM) and Feshbach–Kerman–Konin (FKK) theory for some selected reactions targets ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] reactions at low and high energies 10, 14, 16, 25 and 57 MeV using PRECO-2006 to investigate the importance of secondary emission in the pre-equilibrium reactions. The results showed that the emission of secondary nucleons showed a behavior in the resulting spectra, the most prominent of which is its significant contribution to adding to the spectra obtained through practical experiments. As multistep direct (MSD) and multistep compound (MSC) are the main two components in the pre-equilibrium reaction, it was shown that the MSD dominated above 5[Formula: see text]MeV emission energy rather than MSC reaction.
Soil is an important component that gives room for saprophytic organisms to decompose materials and nutrients for recycling, as well as for plants to use as a rooting medium. Soil ecology is the study of interactions between soil organisms (both microbes and fauna) and their physical and chemical surroundings. The diversity of bacteria, fungus, and microscopic and macroscopic soil animals is supported by the soil habitat's variability. The decomposition of organic materials, the outflow of carbon dioxide from soils, and the cycling of nutrients within soils are all driven by these organisms. The diversity of soil organisms is reflected in their functional qualities, with species influencing ecosystem parameters ranging from soil physical properties to nutrient dynamics rates. Much of these ecosystem activities are governed by tropic interactions in soil food webs.
Uranium, radium, and radon are radioactive effective nuclei that are present in the soil at various levels and to avoid the health hazard they must not exceed the permissible limit.. In present work the interesting with sixteen different soil samples collected from over various regions in Ramadi city, Iraq tested for uranium concentration using locked container technique which includes CR-39 passive detectors as nuclear solid-state track detector (SSNTD). It was found the content of uranium in soil samples have been found (0.71 ppm) to (5.73ppm). The Measurment included radon concentrations were varied from 1.34 Bqkg-1 to 24.1 Bqkg−1 with an average value of 12.6 Bqkg-1, while radon exhalation rate also varied from (10.7x 10−3Bqkg-1 h-1) to (86.4x 10-3 Bqkg−1 h−1). The results were compared with national and worldwide results.
The fundamental technique for calculating excited states of nuclei over the Hartree–Fock ground state, as well as for energy density functionals, is known as random phase approximation (RPA). In this work, the nuclear structure of the 140Ce will be studied within the framework of Hartree–Fock + self-consistent RPA utilizing two Skyrme interaction parameters (SIII, SGII). We obtained a good result for the correlation energy using SIII marginally higher than its experimental value and this indicates the magic number in this nuclei. The single-particle density corresponding to rms of two forces showed that the distribution of the proton density falls off at a lesser distance than that of other densities. It is inferred from the work that the method of Hartree–Fock depending on Skyrme forces within a self-consistent RPA scheme is good for describing the properties of 140Ce spherical nucleus ground and excitation states.