Although intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease worldwide, the pathologic changes in ultrastructure during the acute and chronic phases of ICH are poorly described. In this study, transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the ultrastructure of ICH-induced pathology. ICH was induced in mice by an intrastriatal injection of collagenase. Pathologic changes were observed in the acute (3 days), subacute (6 days), and chronic (28 days) phases. Compared with sham animals, we observed various types of cell death in the injured striatum during the acute phase of ICH, including necrosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. Different degrees of axon degeneration in the striatum were seen in the acute phase, and axonal demyelination was observed in the ipsilateral striatum and corpus callosum at late time points. In addition, phagocytes, resident microglia, and infiltrating monocyte-macrophages were present around red blood cells and degenerating neurons and were observed to engulf red blood cells and other debris. Many synapses appeared abnormal or were lost. This systematic analysis of the pathologic changes in ultrastructure after ICH in mice provides information that will be valuable for future ICH pathology studies.
Corrigendum: Ultrastructural characteristics of neuronal death and white matter injury in mouse brain tissues after intracerebral hemorrhage: coexistence of ferroptosis, autophagy, and necrosis
ABSTRACT Background Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) is a common morbidity resulting from the treatment of head‐and‐neck squamous‐cell carcinoma (HNSCC) due to surgery and chemoradiation. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is a minimally invasive surgical technique for the management of HNSCC, which ideally avoids many of the known complications of open surgery. Research describing physiologic swallowing impairment after surgery using videofluoroscopy is lacking. Methods We evaluated videofluoroscopic swallowing studies of 37 patients who received TORS for head and neck cancer using a validated scoring tool, the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP), at three time points including baseline. Results Patients had worsened physiologic impairments in the immediate post‐operative and late post‐operative periods, particularly in components related to airway protection. Many patients also had baseline swallowing impairment. Conclusions Further research is required to elucidate dysphagia at discrete time points before and after treatment as well as with different and evolving adjuvant therapy protocols.
