Many hypermarkets use in-store promotions as their best retail proposition and marketing strategies to attract more consumers. The study aims to review consumer proneness towards in-store promotions at foreign-based and local-based hypermarkets. In-store promotion is known as marketing or sales promotions at retailer's location. In Malaysia, the popular foreign-based hypermarkets are Tesco, AEON and Giant while local-based hypermarkets are Econsave and Mydin. The factors including price consciousness, brand loyalty, quality consciousness, impulsiveness, and store loyalty are discussed and their impacts on consumer proneness (price proneness, premium proneness, and contest proneness) towards in-store promotion at foreign-based and local-based hypermarkets are investigated through extensive literature review. The measurement items of selected factors are refined using reliability test. The proposed research framework is significant for further empirical testing as the expected results could help hypermarkets and marketers in in-store promotions.
Print-scan resilient watermarking has emerged as an attractive way for document security. This paper proposes a stroke direction modulation technique for watermarking in Chinese text images. The watermark produced by the idea offers robustness to print-photocopyscan, yet provides relatively high embedding capacity without losing the transparency. During the embedding phase, the angles of rotatable strokes are quantized to embed the bits. This requires several stages of preprocessing, including stroke generation, junction searching, rotatable stroke decision and character partition. Moreover, shuffling is applied to equalize the uneven embedding capacity. For the data detection, denoising and deskewing mechanisms are used to compensate for the distortions induced by hardcopy. Experimental results show that our technique attains high detection accuracy against distortions resulting from print-scan operations, good quality photocopies and benign attacks in accord with the future goal of soft authentication.
Urbanization has sparked an increase in the construction of multi-use highrise buildings which consists of commercial parcels on their lower floors and residential parcels on their higher floors. In contrast to conventional landed houses, the residents of high-rise buildings share common facilities and private parcels or spaces also differ according to ownership or use. The management and maintenance of these spaces are dependent on the ownership of the parcel where each ownership adheres to different rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs). Therefore, accurate representation and identification of those parcels affected by maintenance or renovation is crucial for assisting management bodies to improve the quality of life within a multi-use high-rise building. This study attempts to implement a temporal maintenance management for highrise building parcels within a 3D spatial database. A 3D space segmentation was done to analyze the ownership and use of space in a high-rise building. Spatial queries were also performed based on the temporal maintenance of the parcels; in addition, 3D spatial relationships were used to determine adjacent parcels that were affected by the maintenance. Thus, the implementation of temporal strata database management with an accurate 3D representation of the space can provide management bodies with concise and comprehensive information on parcels with respect to ownerships and uses.
In Malaysia, the cadastral system that has served us for more than a century may not be able to continue doing so due to the lack of an advanced level of legal and technical framework. It would appear, therefore, that the legal institutions needed to be further improved to enforce land law satisfactorily. In view of the current Malaysian Cadastral System, the main task of this research is to reformulate, further improve and enhance the usefulness of the existing cadastral system and title registration of multi-layer properties. To realize this, the objectives of this research are to examine the rights of land and property that dimension above, on and below the ground surface as provided by the National Land Code 1965 (Act 56), Strata Title Act 1985 (Act 318), the Building and Common Property (Maintenance and Management) Act 2007 (Act 663), Certified Plan and Document of Title, and to make recommendations for changes to facilitate a modern Malaysian Cadastral and Land Administration Systems.
Abstract. Voxelization of data is discretizing the 3D space, in which the simplest form is a single voxel. There is a large number of publications that are related to voxelization. However, this paper focuses on the voxelization technique implemented in 3D building modelling. This paper aims to get the development idea of the voxelization technique throughout these past years to determine the suitable technique and method for including a 3D voxelized building model in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). From the search and analysis, it is found that this technique is not only related to data modelling of the 3D voxelized model; the voxelization technique can also be utilized in the data segmentation process. First, for the data segmentation, the voxelization technique is implemented to manage the large amount of point cloud data that were obtained from the 3D scanner and sensors, which is done by reducing the number of data to avoid data redundancy and unused data using each of the voxels that exist in that environment. Second, for data modelling, popular input data to generate the 3D voxelized model is also in the form of a point cloud. However, there are still other forms, such as line and surface. Nevertheless, this paper reviews the voxelized technique in building modelling despite some data segmentation. The review shows various input data, applications, and techniques associated with the voxelization process based on building model generation. However, there is still room for improvement that allows the 3D model to be modelled in the voxelized form in the CFD domain.
3D models without the preservation of 3D topological information hinders the ability of 3D models to serve its full potential in terms of 3D analyses. The support of 3D topology is crucial for analyses that requires information regarding adjacencies and connectivity. One of the ways to maintain topological information is by implementing a topological data structure such as the Compact Abstract Cell Complexes (CACC) topological data structure. This paper demonstrates the topological validation for the implementation of the CACC topological data structure implemented for buildings in LoD2 CityGML. Directed graphs and adjacency matrices were constructed for the test datasets of buildings in CityGML. The in-degree and out-degree for all vertices were calculated based on the adjacency matrices. Based on the “Hand-shaking” theorem, the number of α₀-cycles of the CACC topological data structure which connects points to form 1D topological links was compared to the number of directed edges of the constructed directed graphs. Therefore, the implementation of the CACC topological data structure for buildings in LoD2 CityGML was found to be topologically sound.
E-learning is useful to help students gaining digital and data literacy during their studies particularly in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). E-learning which is characterized by time and place flexibility should be utilized as a tool for self-learning. In Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), e-learning plays an important role as a supplementary tool for effective web-based learning. The purpose of this study is to examine what are the factors that drive students’ satisfaction in e-learning. A total of 194 samples were collected from undergraduate students in UTM using quantitative method. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized for data analysis. The findings showed that delivery method and con-tent have a positive and significant relationship with satisfaction of using e-learning. However, system operations has no impact on students’ satisfaction in e-learning. In conclusion, the finding of this study is expected to provide an effective teaching model for general education schools.
Abstract. The concept of the 3D smart city is an integration of smart cities and information technology. One of the data sources of a smart city is point cloud data that are produced from various data acquisition tools such as LiDAR, Terrestrial Laser Scanning, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Due to the large size of point cloud data input, traditional databases could not handle the data efficiently. Alternatively, unstructured databases have become an option. Furthermore, data for smart city applications are considered being complex and large. Storing data in the unstructured database can easily be retrieved from various front ends such as web and mobile devices. However, unstructured databases do not have fixed schema and data types that often limit the uses of 3D point cloud data in relational databases. There are four categories of the data model in the unstructured database: document store, key-value, column store, and graph store. Each of the categories has different characteristics and approaches to handling data. Thus, this paper aims to summarise an overview of each category and determine the most suitable data organisation and environment for a 3D point cloud of a smart city. The overview will aid the developer or user select and comparing available data models in the unstructured database to handle 3D point clouds.
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