Anthracnose is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases in grapes. Grape anthracnose can be caused by various Colletotrichum species, such as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum cuspidosporium. In recent years, Colletotrichum aenigma was reported as a causal agent of Grape anthracnose in China and South Korea. Peroxisome is an important organelle in eukaryotes, which plays a very important role in the growth, development, and pathogenicity of several plant-pathogenic fungal species i, but it has not been reported in C. aenigma. In this work, the peroxisome of C. aenigma was labeled with a fluorescent protein, using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and red fluorescent protein (DsRED and mCherry) as reporter genes. Via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AtMT), two fluorescent fusion vectors to mark the peroxisomes, with GFP and DsRED, respectively, were introduced into a wild-type strain of C. aenigma. In the transformants, bright dots of green or red fluorescence in hyphae and spores could be seen in the strains labeled peroxisome. The nuclei labeled by the same method showed bright round fluorescent spots. In addition, we also combined fluorescent protein labeling with chemical staining to show the localization more clearly. The ideal peroxisome and nuclear fluorescence-labeled C. aenigma strain was obtained, which provided a reference for the study of its growth, development, and pathogenicity.
In this study, we cloned a novel matrix protein, cysrichin, with 16.03% homology and a similar protein structure to the coral biomineralized protein galaxin. Tissue expression analysis showed that cysrichin was mainly expressed in mantle and gill tissues. In situ hybridization indicated that cysrichin mRNA was detected in the entire epithelium region of mantle tissue. RNAi analysis and shell notching experiment confirmed that cysrichin participates in the prismatic layer and nacreous layer formation of the shell. An in vitro crystallization experiment showed that the cysrichin protein induced lotus-shaped and round-shaped crystals, which were identified as vaterite crystals. These results may provide new clues for understanding the formation of vaterite in freshwater shellfish.
The main geothermal energy resource of Anyang City is the underground hot water. It is distributed along the Tangyin graben in belts. It exists in the stratum of the ordovician system, and has much highter pressure. It contains many trace elements which are good to the health, there fare has a great value of being exploited comprehensively.
Testing multilevel mediation using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) has gained tremendous popularity in recent years. However, potential confounding in multilevel mediation effect estimates can arise in these models when within-group effects differ from between-group effects. This study summarizes three types of HLM-based multilevel mediation models, and then explains that in two types of these models confounding can be produced and erroneous conclusions may be derived when using popularly recommended procedures. A Monte Carlo simulation study illustrates that these procedures can underestimate or overestimate true mediation effects. Recommendations are provided for appropriately testing multilevel mediation and for differentiating within-group versus between-group effects in multilevel settings.
AbstractPurpose Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) is a functional obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by the congenital absence of enteric ganglion cells. This condition leads to impaired intestinal barrier function in HSCR patients, which primarily manifests as abdominal distension, constipation, and vomiting. The protein zonulin serves as a biomarker for intestinal permeability. In this study, we aimed to explore the changes in plasma zonulin levels in patients with HSCR and to assess its predictive role in the development of postoperative Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). Methods Sixty HSCR patients were recruited for this study, categorized into short-segment disease (S-HSCR) (n=33), long-segment disease (L-HSCR) (n=15), and total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) (n=12). Venous blood samples were taken from all participants before and after pull-through surgery. Plasma concentrations of zonulin were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HE-stained sections from 27 patients were used to evaluate the inflammation degree of the dilated (ganglionic) segment. Postoperative outcomes were assessed through a combination of online questionnaires and telephone interviews. The diagnostic threshold for HAEC was set based on clinical symptom definition and the HAEC scoring system developed previously. Results Preoperative zonulin levels in patients with TCA were significantly lower than those in patients with S-HSCR (p=0.008) and L-HSCR (p=0.028). The incidence of postoperative HAEC was 16.7%, 57.1%, and 14.3% in TCA, L-HSCR, and S-HSCR groups, respectively. Patients who experienced an increase of more than 1.5 times in plasma zonulin levels on the first day after surgery had a higher risk of developing HAEC (p=0.005). Conclusion Preoperative zonulin levels were lowest in the TCA group. The rate of change in zonulin levels on the first day after surgery can serve as a useful indicator for predicting the risk of postoperative HAEC occurrence.
This study examines the antecedents and outcomes of informal leader emergence in work teams. Drawing upon research in vertical and shared leadership, we hypothesized that the relationship between leader‐‐member exchange (LMX) quality and employees’ emergence as informal leaders is moderated by team shared vision such that there is a positive (negative) LMX—leader emergence relationship for teams with high (low) shared vision. Informal leader emergence, in turn, was expected to relate to higher individual and team performance. Results based on multisource and multimethod data collected at 3 points in time (361 followers in 74 work teams) provided support for these hypotheses. The findings highlight the role played by formal leaders and team shared vision in jointly promoting or inhibiting informal leader emergence and thereby impacting individual performance and team effectiveness.
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