Neuropeptide F (NPF) is an abundantly expressed neuropeptide in platyhelminth nervous systems, and exhibits a moderate, myogenic effect on muscle preparations of parasitic flatworms. NPF displays structural similarities to peptides from molluscs and vertebrate members of the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-superfamily of peptides. NPY is one of the most abundant and highly conserved neuropeptides within vertebrates and similarities between the gene organization of NPY, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), suggest a common evolutionary origin of this peptide family. Dual localization analyses coupled with confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed a close spatial relationship between NPF-containing nerves and muscle fibres in M. expansa. Molecular cloning techniques identified the M. expansa NPF (mxNPF) precursor and characterized the isolated transcript which encodes an open reading frame of 57 amino acids. The transcript possesses a 17 amino acid signal peptide and the mature NPF sequence (39 amino acids) followed by a carboxyterminal glycyl extension. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA identified a product which possessed a 54 base pair intron with consensus sequences for 5' and 3' splice sites. The M. expansa npf gene possesses a phase 2 intron within the penultimate arginyl residue, a characteristic feature of NPY superfamily peptide-genes. The intron-exon organization of the npf gene, coupled with the abundant expression of NPF within the nervous systems of flatworms, suggests an early evolutionary origin for this peptide transmitter family within the nervous systems of basal bilaterian metazoans.
The larval stages of digenetic trematodes develop in intermediate hosts, almost all of which belong to the phylum Mollusca. The miracidium hatches from the egg and penetrates the molluscan host giving rise to the next larval stage (the first intramolluscan stage), the primary or mother sporocyst. In some trematodes, development of cercariae occurs directly within the secondary or daughter sporocysts; in others, cercariae develop within rediae. In both cases, development usually takes place in the gonad or digestive gland of the molluscan host.
Available primary structural information suggests that the FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) from parasitic and free-living nematodes are different, and that free-living forms may not represent appropriate models for the study of the neurochemistry of parasitic forms in the laboratory. However, here we report the isolation and unequivocal identification of AF2 (originally isolated from the parasite, Ascaris suum) from acidified alcoholic extracts of the free-living species, Panagrellus redivivus. While reverse-phase HPLC analysis of extracts revealed FMRFamide-immunoreactivity to be highly heterogeneous, AF2 was the predominant FMRFamide-immunoreactive peptide present (at least 26 pmol/g wet weight of worms). This peptide was also the major immunoreactant identified by an antiserum raised to the conserved C-terminal hexapeptide amide of mammalian pancreatic polypeptide (PP), which has been used previously to isolate neuropeptide F (NPF). These observations were confirmed by radioimmunoassay and chromatographic fractionation of an acidified alcoholic extract of A. suum heads. The FMRFamide-related peptides present in a nematode extract may be highly dependent on the extraction medium employed, and these data would suggest that this complement of neuropeptides may not be as different between parasitic and free-living nematodes as initial studies have suggested. Finally, all of the evidence suggests that NPF is not present in nematodes and that the PP-immunoreactant previously demonstrated immunochemically is probably AF2.
Diclidophora merlangi is a common parasite of whiting in the Irish Sea. The incidence of infection over an 18‐month period of study varied between 43‐59%. The majority of flukes in single worm infections are found on the 1st gill arch, although in infections of higher intensity increasing numbers of parasites are found on the remaining arches. The factors which may influence the distribution of Diclidophora on the host gills are discussed.
Fascioliasis (or fasciolosis) is a socioeconomically important parasitic disease caused by liver flukes of the genus Fasciola. Flukicide resistance has exposed the need for new drugs and/or a vaccine for liver fluke control. A rapidly improving 'molecular toolbox' for liver fluke encompasses quality genomic/transcriptomic datasets and an RNA interference platform that facilitates functional genomics approaches to drug/vaccine target validation. The exploitation of these resources is undermined by the absence of effective culture/maintenance systems that would support in vitro studies on juvenile fluke development/biology. Here we report markedly improved in vitro maintenance methods for Fasciola hepatica that achieved 65% survival of juvenile fluke after 6 months in standard cell culture medium supplemented with 50% chicken serum. We discovered that this long-term maintenance was dependent upon fluke growth, which was supported by increased proliferation of cells resembling the "neoblast" stem cells described in other flatworms. Growth led to dramatic morphological changes in juveniles, including the development of the digestive tract, reproductive organs and the tegument, towards more adult-like forms. The inhibition of DNA synthesis prevented neoblast-like cell proliferation and inhibited growth/development. Supporting our assertion that we have triggered the development of juveniles towards adult-like fluke, mass spectrometric analyses showed that growing fluke have an excretory/secretory protein profile that is distinct from that of newly-excysted juveniles and more closely resembles that of ex vivo immature and adult fluke. Further, in vitro maintained fluke displayed a transition in their movement from the probing behaviour associated with migrating stage worms to a slower wave-like motility seen in adults. Our ability to stimulate neoblast-like cell proliferation and growth in F. hepatica underpins the first simple platform for their long-term in vitro study, complementing the recent expansion in liver fluke resources and facilitating in vitro target validation studies of the developmental biology of liver fluke.
Immunochemical techniques were used to determine the distribution, chemical characteristics and relative abundance of immunoreactivity (IR) to two native platyhelminth neuropeptides, neuropeptide F (NPF) (Moniezia expansa) and the FMRFamide-related peptide (FaRP), GNFFRFamide, in the trematodes, Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma mansoni; the larger S. margrebowiei was used in the chemical analysis. Extensive immunostaining for the two peptides was demonstrated throughout the nervous systems of both F. hepatica and S. mansoni, with strong IR also in the innervation of muscular structures, including those associated with the egg-forming apparatus. The patterns of immunostaining were similar to those previously described for the vertebrate neuropeptide Y superfamily of peptides and for FMRFamide. Ultrastructurally, gold labelling of NPF- and GNFFRFamide-IRs was localized exclusively to the contents of secretory vesicles in the axons and somatic cytoplasm of neurones. Double-labelling experiments showed an apparent homogeneity of antigenic sites, in all probability due to the demonstrated cross-reactivity of the FaRP antiserum with NPF. Radioimmunoassay of acid-ethanol extracts of the worms detected 8.3 pmol/g and 4.7 pmol/g equivalents of NPF- and FMRFamide-IRs, respectively, for F. hepatica, and corresponding values of 4.9 pmol/g and 4.3 pmol/g equivalents for S. margrebowiei. Gel-permeation chromatography resolved IR to both peptides in discrete peaks and these eluted in similar positions to synthetic NPF (M. expansa) and GNFFRFamide, respectively.
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
'%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0v30h60V0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='6' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='4' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30' clip-path='url(%23b)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='10' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='6' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
