This study was conducted to quantitatively and statistically evaluate the effects of material source on the ductility of asphalt‐binders, measured in terms of the elastic recovery (ER) property. The ER data used in the study were excerpted from the Texas flexible pavements and overlays database, namely, the Texas Data Storage System (DSS), covering plant‐mix extracted PG XX‐22 asphalt‐binders (i.e., rolling thin film oven (RTFO) residues) from 20 different sources and measured using the Ductilometer test at 10°C. The findings of the study indicated that material source has an impact on the ER property of asphalt‐binders. Statistically significant differences were observed among some sources and suppliers that reported the same low‐temperature asphalt‐binder type/grade (i.e., PG XX‐22). Overall, the study contributes to enriching the literature on the material‐source effects on asphalt‐binders’ ER properties, consistency, variability, and data quality. In particular, the study highlights the sensitivity nature of the asphalt‐binder ER parameter to material‐source effects.
A user's perception of road surface conditions is usually measured by a subjective 1-to-5 scale defined as the Present Serviceability Rating (PSR). The subjectivity associated with the scale can result in different PSR values for the same pavement section. In this paper, we use multivariate data analysis to identify potential groups of users sharing similar perceptions on the condition of urban roads. We conducted a survey of 137 drivers of different modalities (bus, car, taxi, truck) after they had driven over some selected road sections in Barranquilla, Colombia. The survey included socioeconomic questions and a rating questionnaire containing a list of statements related to the ride quality and the acceptance of possible pavement defects. The study included 115 urban road sections with different pavement surfaces and geometric characteristics (e.g. slopes, lane width). We used factor analysis to identify two distinct user latent preferences while driving over urban roads. Then, we applied cluster analysis on the latent preferences. Results suggest a possible classification for surveyed participants into (a) those wanting more infrastructure investment to guarantee an excellent ride quality, and (b) those who are more tolerant toward pavement surfaces in poor condition. We found significant differences in the mean rate of acceptance of urban roads within groups, suggesting that more experienced drivers tend to be more sensitive when riding over pavements in poor condition. Ignoring these differences in the preference of raters could lead to biased results when evaluating the level of pavement serviceability in urban contexts.
Road surfaces are exposed to solar radiation that generates thermal gradients and heat flow in the pavement layers. The heat stored can be harvested providing an untapped source of renewable energy. This paper presents the design, construction, and assessment of an improved thermoelectric energy system prototype for harvesting heat energy from roadway pavements. To accomplish this, various prototype designs were simulated using Finite Element (FE) analysis, followed by design construction and laboratory testing of the most promising prototypes to evaluate their power harvesting capabilities. The main design components of these prototypes are a heat collector/transfer plate, thermoelectric generators (TEG), and a cooling module consisting of a heat sink, phase change material (PCM), and an insulation box. The results suggest a direct relationship between thermal gradients and power generation and point out the importance of the cooling module in maintaining the efficiency of the harvester. An optimum harvester design can produce a maximum power output of 30.41 mW over a period of 7 hours of summer sunshine in South Texas. Extrapolating this output for an installation that covers a length of 1 kilometre of a roadway could produce an average of 5.4 kWh/day under the conditions described above.
The serviceability models available on the literature are generally applicable to interstate highways and rural roads. The present paper aims to develop alternative modelling approaches that can be applied when assessing the pavement serviceability of urban roads in developing countries. More than sixty (60) rigid urban pavement sections with different surface characteristics were evaluated. Performance indexes such as the International Roughness Index (IRI) and the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) were measured on each pavement section. Deterministic and probabilistic models were developed to correlate pavement performance indicators with the users' assessment of each pavement section. Moreover, threshold limits for the acceptance of the IRI and PCI were also proposed using a probabilistic approach. In line with previous studies, Colombian users have higher tolerance than users from developed countries towards accepting pavement in poor conditions. Particularly, results suggest a higher tolerance towards urban roads with high IRI and low PCI values. Finally, the models and thresholds proposed in this research could be used to define prioritisation policies that could help road agencies in their decision-making process at the network level, saving time and money in public investment, and thus achieve an increase in the welfare of the urban population of countries with similar sociocultural characteristics. Furthermore, the methodological framework applied in this research effort may be useful for agencies and governments seeking to develop and/or improve their current PMS.
Traffic estimation is one of the most important aspects in the analysis and structural design of pavements and its adequate determination requires updated values of truck factors. This study aimed to evaluate the truck factors for cargo commercial vehicles operating in the Colombianís primary road network. For this purpose, in 2011, thirty-eight mobile weigh stations were positioned on different strategic points of the national road network to characterize the traffic loads. Based on statistical procedures, updated truck factors were obtained for each type of truck circulating on the roads analyzed. These truck factors can be used for design of road sectors with socioeconomic characteristics similar to those of the roads evaluated. It was found that the type of vehicles that circulate more along the national roads are: C3-S3, C2, C3- S2, C3, and C2-S2, with a distribution of 36%, 35%, 13%, 11%, and 5 %, respectively. Finally, it was observed that the C3 and C3-S3 trucks are the ones causing more damage to the road infrastructure in Colombia taking into account that these vehicles are circulating overloaded in some portions of the road network.
Abstract As an alternative to costly permanent weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations that are mostly limited to major interstate highways, portable WIM systems are often used as a substitute or supplement to routinely collect site-specific traffic data (both volume and weight) for pavement design and analysis applications. By comparison, portable WIM systems are cost effective and much easier to install at any desired highway site/location. However, accuracy, reliability, and data quality have been some of the key challenges of portable WIM systems. As a means of addressing these challenges, this field pilot study was undertaken to comparatively evaluate two different sensor installation methods for routine traffic data measurements: the pocket tape and metal plate methods. The two methods were comparatively evaluated in terms of their practicality, simplicity of installation, cost effectiveness, resource/manpower needs, environmental sensitivity and endurance, consistency, data accuracy, and statistical reliability of the traffic data measurements. Along with a side-by-side field validation using permanent WIM data, the findings from the study indicated that the metal plate sensor installation method is superior to the pocket tape method, particularly in terms of data accuracy, data quality, statistical reliability, and endurance. Its traffic data accuracy rate was found to be 87∼91 % compared with 79 % for the pocket tape method, which exhibited a significant loss of sensitivity and data accuracy after 7 d of traffic measurements. Overall, the conclusions of this study provide technical merit and preference to the metal plate method over the pocket tape sensor installation method, particularly for traffic data measurements exceeding 7 d.