Understanding the role of biodiversity for ecosystem functioning has become a central research theme in marine ecology. Benthic communities with a higher diversity have been suggested to operate more effectively, which could be quantifiable as a higher secondary production. However, there is no general ecological relationship between diversity and production, not only due to environmental influences, but also because of species-specific effects.
Functional diversity has been identified as the key to understanding the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We are taking a trait-based and large-scale observational approach to relate patterns in macrofaunal secondary production to functional diversity in the southern North Sea, where benthic macrofauna is confronted with many natural and anthropogenic stressors. Functional diversity is expressed in indices based on dissimilarities of species traits such as feeding type, environmental position, and larval development. Production is calculated with taxon-specific empirical productivity models.
Patterns of functional diversity were spatially more homogeneous than taxonomic diversity. A handful of species provided the majority of the secondary production. Spatially implicit regressions are used to analyze how secondary production is related to environmental factors and trait diversity. We explore further whether models are improved by including specific key traits potentially contributing to energy flow.
Knowledge on the explanatory value of trait composition for maintaining productivity in our system is needed to explore scenarios of anticipated changes in diversity.
Abstract This study was the first to investigate the key reproductive traits of the electric lantern fish Electrona risso (Myctophidae, n = 918) and the bigscale fishes (Melamphaidae) Melamphaes polylepis ( n = 260) and Scopelogadus mizolepis ( n = 649). Specimens of these mesopelagic species were collected in March and April 2015 in the eastern Central Atlantic (0–24° N, 20–26° W). Sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1 in E. risso and M. polylepis but significantly skewed toward female dominance in S. mizolepis . Reproductive phases were determined macroscopically and by histological analyses on selected individuals. Female length at 50% maturity ( L 50 ) was 55.1 mm standard length ( L S ) in E. risso , with an observed female maximum length ( L max ) of 81.2 mm L S . M. polylepis females had an L 50 of 40.2 mm L S and an L max of 86.7 mm L S . S. mizolepis had an L 50 of 46 mm L S and an L max of 97.9 mm L S . The three species show histological features of iteroparity, but the E. risso population appears to occur in two year‐classes and experience only one spawning season per lifetime in the study region. All three species are batch‐spawners. A batch fecundity of 2668 eggs was estimated from one E. risso individual, with a relative batch fecundity of 369 eggs g −1 gonad‐free body mass. M. polylepis had a batch fecundity of 1027 eggs and a relative batch fecundity of 149 eggs g −1 ( n = 3). S. polylepis had a batch fecundity of 1545 eggs and a relative batch fecundity of 215 eggs g −1 ( n = 21). The median gonado‐somatic index during the actively spawning phase of E. risso was 4.5, significantly lower than that of M. polylepis (7.5) and S. mizolepis (7.1). No regressing or regenerating phases were observed in this study. Batch‐spawning in all three species is suggested to be advantageous to cope with intra‐annual variability in food supply and other risks for offspring survival. With what appears to be in effect a (facultative) semelparous strategy in combination with a short life span in E. risso , interannual differences would have a great effect on population dynamics of this species. Knowledge is still lacking on temporal aspects of reproduction such as the duration of the spawning season and the frequency of spawning, as well as age and growth.
The benthic compartment is central to ecosystem services in shelf seas. Assemblages with a higher diversity have been suggested to operate more effectively. However, there is no general ecological relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning due to species-specific effects and environmental influences. We are taking a trait-based and large-scale observational approach to link patterns in macrofaunal functional diversity with ecosystem functioning in the southern North Sea, a marginal sea of the North Atlantic. Secondary production serves as a quantitative measure of ecosystem functioning. It is calculated with taxon-specific empirical production models, while functional diversity is expressed in indices based on trait dissimilarities. Using spatially implicit regressions, we analyze how secondary production is related to functional diversity and environmental factors. Further, we explore whether models are improved by substituting functional diversity with specific key traits potentially related to secondary production. The North Sea has a long history of cumulating local and global human influences. Knowledge on the predictive value of trait diversity for maintaining productivity in our system is needed for succeeding research on consequences of changes in biodiversity for ecosystem functioning.
Benthic food webs are very important as they provide food for higher trophic levels. However, during the last century North Sea benthos has been affected by different types of increasing anthropogenic pressures, such as fishing, windfarms and sand extraction. Studies concerning human activity consequences, especially the trawling effects on benthos, have shown changes in its abundance, biomass and production over various spatial and temporal scales. For fish, a decline in trophic level due to overfishing has been underlined both worldwide and for the North Sea. In general, the effects of human pressures on benthic communities are well understood and some studies have already highlighted that benthic trophic interactions can be regarded as being resilient by opportunistic feeding, i.e. most species being generalists, and trophic redundancy. However, there is still little detailed knowledge on benthic food web structure and trophic interactions of different habitats and communities.
In this study, we investigated the trophic levels and food webs of the macroinvertebrates and demersal fish in two different North Sea benthic communities based on stable isotope analysis (13C /12C and 15N/14N ratios). The samples were collected from the Bathyporeia-Tellina and Central North Sea communities in the German Bight. For the first time, the food webs of these two communities were analyzed, by comparing trophic parameters, such as carbon sources, trophic levels and feeding types. Similarities and differences in the trophic structure between the two communities are discussed against the background of natural conditions and anthropogenic disturbances. Thus our results provide valuable knowledge and a sound scientific baseline for understanding trophic functioning in the context of marine management and sustainable use of marine resources.
The benthic compartment is central to ecosystem services in shelf seas. Assemblages with a higher diversity have been suggested to operate more effectively. However, there is no general ecological relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning due to species-specific effects and environmental influences. We are taking a trait-based and large-scale observational approach to link patterns in macrofaunal functional diversity with ecosystem functioning in the southern North Sea, a marginal sea of the North Atlantic. Secondary production serves as a quantitative measure of ecosystem functioning. It is calculated with taxon-specific empirical production models, while functional diversity is expressed in indices based on trait dissimilarities. Using spatially implicit regressions, we analyze how secondary production is related to functional diversity and environmental factors. Further, we explore whether models are improved by substituting functional diversity with specific key traits potentially related to secondary production. The North Sea has a long history of cumulating local and global human influences. Knowledge on the predictive value of trait diversity for maintaining productivity in our system is needed for succeeding research on consequences of changes in biodiversity for ecosystem functioning.
Benthic macrofauna in the North Sea is subjected to a wide variety of anthropogenic stressors, which have a significant impact on community composition. In order to understand how these communities react to anthropogenic influences, the effect of natural environmental variation, such as temperature, salinity, or sediment characteristics, must first be understood. It is generally known that natural variation causes differences in the classical biological measures, such as the species diversity of benthic communities, however there is a paucity of studies regarding the response of functional diversity. Due to the tight linkage of functional diversity to ecosystem processes, it is important to understand these functional aspects of community diversity for understanding changes in ecological processes as a whole, and ultimately the effects on vital ecosystem services and goods.
This study determined changes in functional diversity of benthic macrofaunal communities along natural sediment gradients on small spatial scales (i.e. ~5 km). Soft-bottom assemblages including infauna and epifauna in the Sylt outer reef area of the North Sea were examined, with functional diversity being based on functional traits. Changes in functional diversity are compared to species diversity and relationships present are discussed. For the first time, this study examines if there are functional changes along sediment gradients on such a small scale. The results thus deliver valuable insight on the potential effects of community changes on ecosystem functioning and process-driven changes in assemblages. Further, the outcomes provide an important framework for ecological monitoring and impact assessments for future North Sea projects.