Butenyl-spinosyn is a highly effective and broad-spectrum biopesticide produced by Saccharopolyspora pogona. However, the yield of this compound is difficult to increase because the regulatory mechanism of secondary metabolism is still unknown. Here, the transcriptional regulator Sp13016 was discovered to be highly associated with butenyl-spinosyn synthesis and bacterial growth. Overexpression of sp13016 improved butenyl-spinosyn production to a level that was 2.84-fold that of the original strain, while deletion of sp13016 resulted in a significant decrease in yield and growth inhibition. Comparative proteomics revealed that these phenotypic changes were attributed to the influence of Sp13016 on the central carbon metabolism pathway to regulate the supply of precursors. Our research helps to reveal the regulatory mechanism of butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis and provides a reference for increasing the yield of natural products of Actinomycetes.
Abstract Background: The interaction between acuC and spinosad biosynthesis is complex. In this study, acetoin utilization protein ( acuC ) was characterized. It is a type I histone deacetylase that is highly conserved in bacteria. This study first explored the effect of acuC on the growth and development of secondary metabolites of S. spinosa . Results: The knockout strain and overexpression strain were constructed separately with the shuttle vector pOJ260. The overexpression of the acuC gene affects the growth and phenotype of S. spinosa. Moreover, the spore production ability of the S. spinosa-acuC strain on solid medium was weaker than that of the wild-type strain. HPLC analysis of the fermentation products for the wild-type and mutant strains demonstrated that the yield of the overexpression strain was 87% higher than that of the wild-type strain. Conclusions: We concluded that the overexpression of acuC positively regulated the biosynthesis of spinosad and affected the acetylation pathway and the growth of S. spinosa . A comparative proteomic analysis between the wild-type and overexpression strains revealed related genes in different metabolic pathways that were affected. We envision that these results can be extended to other actinomycetes for secondary metabolite improvement.
Butenyl-spinosyn, a highly effective biological insecticide, is produced by Saccharopolyspora pogona. However, its application has been severely hampered by its low yield. Recent studies have shown that PhoU plays a pivotal role in regulating cell growth, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and intracellular phosphate levels. Nevertheless, the function of PhoU remains ambiguous in S. pogona. In this study, we investigated the effects of PhoU on the growth and the butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis of S. pogona by constructing the mutants. Overexpression of phoU increased the production of butenyl-spinosyn to 2.2-fold that of the wild-type strain. However, the phoU deletion resulted in a severe imbalance of intracellular phosphate levels, and suppression of the growth and butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis. Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, distinctive protein detection and mass spectrometry revealed that PhoU widely regulated primary metabolism, energy metabolism and DNA repair, which implied that PhoU influences the growth and butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis of S. pogona as a global regulator.
The fcl gene encodes GDP-fucose synthase, which catalyzes two-step differential isomerase and reductase reactions in the synthesis of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose. It also participates in the biosynthesis of amino sugar and ribose sugar, and is one of the key enzymes to regulate the metabolism of sugar and nucleotides in organisms. The presence of fcl gene in Saccharopolyspora pogona was found through sequencing result of genome. The mutant S. pogona-fcl and S. pogona-Δfcl were constructed by gene engineering technology. The results showed that the gene had an effects on growth and development, protein expression and transcriptional level, insecticidal activity, and biosynthesis of butenyl-spinosyn of Saccharopolyspora pogona. The results of HPLC analysis showed that the yield of butenyl-spinosyn in S. pogona-Δfcl was 130% compared with that in S. pogona, which reduced by 25% in S. pogona-fcl. The results of determination of insecticidal activity showed that S. pogona-Δfcl had a stronger insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera than that of S. pogona, while the S. pogona-fcl had a lower insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera compared with S. pogona. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of the mycelia. It was found that the surface of the S. pogona-Δfcl was wrinkled, and the mycelium showed a short rod shape. There was no significant difference in mycelial morphology between S. pogona-fcl and S. pogona. Aboved all showed that deletion of fcl gene in S. pogona hindered the growth and development of mycelia, but was beneficial to increase the biosynthesis of butenyl-spinosyn and improve insecticidal activity. Whereas the fcl gene over-expression was not conducive to the biosynthesis of butenyl-spinosyn and reduced their insecticidal activity. SDS-PAGE results showed that the difference of protein expression among the three strains was most obvious at 96 hours, which was identified by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the results showed that there were significant differences of related genes in transcriptional levels among the three strains. Based on the results of the study, a network metabolic control map was constructed to analyze the effect of fcl gene on growth and the regulation pathway of butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis, which provided an experimental basis for revealing the regulation mechanism of butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis and related follow-up studies.fcl 基因编码的GDP-岩藻糖合成酶 (GDP fucose synthetase，GFS)，能催化由GDP-D-甘露糖合成GDP-L-岩藻糖过程中的两步差向异构酶和还原酶反应；还参与氨基糖和核糖的生物合成，是调控生物体糖代谢、核苷酸代谢的关键酶之一。通过前期基因组测序表明须糖多孢菌Saccharopolyspora pogona 中存在fcl 基因。利用基因工程技术构建了fcl 基因的过表达菌株S. pogona-fcl 和敲除菌株S. pogona-Δfcl。结果表明该基因对菌株生长发育、蛋白表达及其转录水平、杀虫活性、丁烯基多杀菌素的生物合成均存在影响。经HPLC 分析显示，S. pogona-Δfcl的丁烯基多杀菌素产量增加为野生型菌株的130%，S. pogona-fcl 的丁烯基多杀菌素产量降低了25%。生测结果显示，与野生型菌株相比S. pogona-Δfcl 对棉铃虫的杀虫活性明显增强，而S. pogona-fcl 的杀虫活性降低。利用扫描电镜观察发现，S. pogona-Δfcl 菌丝体表面出现褶皱，呈现短棒状，S. pogona-fcl 菌丝形态与野生型菌株一致。以上结果表明，fcl 基因的敲除影响菌丝体的生长发育，能促进丁烯基多杀菌素的生物合成和增强杀虫活性，该基因的过表达抑制了丁烯基多杀菌素的生物合成和降低了杀虫活性。SDS-PAGE 结果表明，三株菌株在96 h 时蛋白表达差异最为明显。对差异蛋白通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应结果显示，三菌株蛋白的转录水平存在显著表达差异。通过研究结果构建了网络代谢调控图，分析fcl 基因对须糖多孢菌生长发育及丁烯基多杀菌素生物合成代谢调控网络途径的影响，初步构建了fcl 基因调控的代谢途径，为揭示丁烯基多杀菌素生物合成的调控机制及相关后续研究提供了实验依据。.
A new strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 with antagonistic effects on 11 major fish pathogens (especially Aeromonas hydrophila), but had no toxicity to grass carp, was screened from the sediment of fishponds. In vivo colonization studies showed that strain S3 could be colonized and distributed in the gill and abdomen of the grass carp. Bioassay results showed that the weight growth rate of grass carp in the strain S3 oral group (16.01%) and strain S3 immersion group (16.44%) was significantly higher than those of the control group (8.61%). At the same time, the activities of ACP, AKP, CAT and GSH-Px in the serum of grass carp in oral and immersion groups were significantly higher than those of the control group. In addition, the treatment with strain S3 could significantly upregulate the expression of the antioxidant-related genes and immune-related genes Keap1, Nrf2, C3, LZM, IgM, TLR-4 and MyD-88 in grass carp tissues. The challenge test showed that strain S3 treatment significantly increased the survival rate of grass carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Whole genome sequencing analysis showed that strain S3 had 16 active metabolite gene clusters, indicating that it had abundant gene resources, which provided important support for its development for fish microecological preparations. In summary, a new strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 with antibacterial activity against a variety of fish pathogens was screened in this study and its probiotic function was evaluated, proving its potential value in fisheries.
Abstract Background Acetoin utilization protein (acuC) is a type I histone deacetylase which is highly conserved in bacteria. The acuC gene is related to the acetylation/deacetylation posttranslational modification (PTM) system in S. spinosa. Spinosyns, the secondary metabolites produced by Saccharopolyspora spinosa , are the active ingredients in a family of insect control agents. However, the specific functions and influences of acuC protein in S. spinosa are yet to be characterized. Results The knockout strain and overexpression strain were constructed separately with the shuttle vector pOJ260. The production of spinosyns A and D from S. spinosa-acuC were 105.02 mg/L and 20.63 mg/L, which were 1.82-fold and 1.63-fold higher than those of the wild-type strain (57.76 mg/L and 12.64 mg/L), respectively. The production of spinosyns A and D from S. spinosa- Δ acuC were 32.78 mg/L and 10.89 mg/L, respectively. The qRT-PCR results of three selected genes ( bldD , ssgA and whiA ) confirmed that the overexpression of acuC affected the capacities of mycelial differentiation and sporulation. Comparative proteomics analysis was performed on these strains to investigate the underlying mechanism leading to the enhancement of spinosad yield. Conclusions This study first systematically analysed the effects of overexpression acuC on the growth of S. spinosa and the production of spinosad. The results identify the differentially expressed proteins and provide evidences to understand the acetylation metabolic mechanisms which can lead to the increase of secondary metabolites.
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