Stanislav Pleninger

Czech Technical University in Prague

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Tereza Topková

Czech Technical University in Prague

Jakub Hospodka

Czech Technical University in Prague

Jakub Kraus

Czech Technical University in Prague

Jakub Steiner

Czech Technical University in Prague

Petr Lukeš

Czech Technical University in Prague

Terézia Pilmannová

Czech Technical University in Prague

Matěj Nesvadba

Air Navigation Services (Czechia)

Tomáš Lipták

Technical University of Košice

Simon Tesi

Czech Technical University in Prague

D.N. Levin

Czech Technical University in Prague

Cooperative Institutions

Czech Technical University in Prague

Technical University of Košice

Charles University

Eurocontrol

St. Michael's Hospital

University of California, Los Angeles

Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics

University of Chicago

University of Rochester

Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien

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Relationship Between the Transponder Triggering Area and the SSR Mode S Surveillance Coverage Map

Stanislav Pleninger

EUROCONTROL and other European organizations place great emphasis on the efficiency of the use of the radio frequency band 1030/1090 due to its heavy load. One of the major contributors to the load on this band is the excessive number of replies that aircraft emit as a result of "Mode S Only All Call" interrogations from SSR Mode S radars. The dominant source of these replies is the area that arises between the end of the radar's surveillance coverage map to the border where transponder minimum triggering level (MTL) is achieved. Therefore, it should be an effort that the interrogation power is optimally adapted to the set surveillance coverage map and is not unnecessarily greater. Based on the processing of replies from aircraft, the paper analyzes how large this area is and whether there is a clear relationship between the set size of the surveillance coverage map and the so-called physical range of the radar. The aim is to find out how manufacturers and air navigation service providers (ANSPs) approach this setting. The paper uses data available from the Open Sky Network portal, and the analysis is performed on a sample of selected SSR within the European region.

Transponder (aeronautics)

Mode (computer interface)

10.23919/ntca55899.2022.9934517

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Analysis of Real Airborne Collision Avoidance System Surveillance Parameters

Jakub Nosek Stanislav Pleninger Vladimír Socha

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) has become an essential part of civil aircraft's avionics. The surveillance function of this system provides each aircraft with the position information of other aircraft in vicinity. In order to acquire the position data, the system sends standardized messages on 1030 MHz radio frequency and receives replies on 1090 MHz. Since this frequency band is shared among all surveillance systems used in aviation, it is becoming saturated with the constantly rising air traffic volume. As a result of this saturation the air traffic controllers may not receive all messages transmitted by an aircraft which would lead to inaccurate indication on the radar screens. In order to determine how much ACAS contributes to the overall frequency saturation, it is necessary to observe its behaviour in real environment. This paper should analyze a few selected parameters, such as ACAS surveillance range, nominal surveillance rate or ADS-B version and find out their real values. For this purpose real messages received at 1090 MHz receivers were used and evaluated. The results showed the real value of ACAS surveillance range is much higher than the value stated in technical standards. Other results helped to define the nominal surveillance rate and show that the version of ADS-B which is mostly used in real environment is ADS-B ICAO version 0. These findings can be used as inputs to the tool for RF channels 1030/1090 MHz loading analysis.

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast

Secondary surveillance radar

Position (finance)

10.1109/sami.2019.8782728

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Citations (2)

Broadcasting Monitoring of SSR Transponders in Real Space

MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development (2018)

Vít Vojtěch Stanislav Pleninger

The article presents a method that allows achieved the greater completeness of the record during the reconstruction of emitted SSR transponder messages captured by terrestrial receivers. The method is based on a fusion of records from several ground-based receivers. The second part of the article presents and evaluates the results achieved using this method on the network of the low-cost ADS-B receivers in the Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Transportation Sciences. Some inevitable phenomena are demonstrated that this measurement method brings.

Transponder (aeronautics)

Completeness (order theory)

10.14311/mad.2018.02.01

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The Testing of MLAT Method Application by means of Usage low-cost ADS-B Receivers

MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development (2014)

Stanislav Pleninger

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The paper describes the process and results achieved during the measurement which was realized with the aim of identify an applicability of MLAT (Multilateration) method by means of using so-called “low-cost” ADS-B receivers. In terms of measurement, ADS-B receivers without GPS time synchronization module was utilized thus specific time synchronization method was required to implement.</span>

10.14311/mad.2014.07.02

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Citations (5)

The most useless messages emitted by on-board secondary surveillance radar transponders

CRC Press eBooks (2018)

Stanislav Pleninger

The 1090 MHz radio-frequency band is the key band used by cooperative surveillance systems in the aviation. The various types of surveillance systems and different modes of its operation has significant influence to the frequency band load. The article analyses the contributions of particular types of systems based on measurement of replies emitted by on-board transponders in the airspace of the Czech Republic region. The types of messages that the most negatively contribute to the load of the band were identified. The downlink format 11 messages have been identified as the most problematic in terms of their benefits and quantities. The source of existences of their large number is shown in the article and outlined potential steps that could help to mitigation the amount of such replies are identified. On the other hand there is explained how these messages can be successfully used to get an independent overview of the SSR Mode S radar operational coverage.

Secondary surveillance radar

On board

10.1201/9781351238649-11

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Methodology for Performance Evaluation of Pre Departure Sequencing Tools in terms of A-CDM concept

MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development (2017)

Hynek Hrabík Matěj Nesvadba Stanislav Pleninger

The article describes the proposed methodology for performance evaluation of Pre-Departure Sequencing tools. Pre-departure management delivers optimal traffic flow to the runway by route planning and accurate taxi time forecasts. Firstly, a Pre-Departure Sequencer Start-Up Manager (SUM) used by Air Navigation Services of the Czech Republic (ANS CZ) at Vaclav Havel Airport Prague (LKPR) is mentioned. The main parts deal with the proposed methodology for performance evaluation of Start-Up Manager. The methodology uses several indicators to evaluate the performance. The methodology utilizes time milestones introduced in Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) concept. It focuses especially on aircraft pre-departure sequencing processes. Methodology was tested on the Start-Up Manager used by Air Navigation Services (ANS) of the Czech Republic at Vaclav Havel Airport Prague (LKPR). Achieved performance results and its credibility in accordance with the proposed methodology are presented and discussed in the final part of this paper.

10.14311/mad.2017.01.03

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GNSS interference detection: Methodology utilising ADS-B NACp indicator and GPS almanac data

The Aeronautical Journal (2024)

Stanislav Pleninger Tereza Topková Jakub Steiner

Abstract The threat of GNSS interference poses a great danger to many critical infrastructure systems including air navigation. With a focus on mitigating this threat, this paper proposes a methodology for detecting GNSS interference. The methodology utilises the quality indicator NACp transmitted in ADS-B messages and GPS almanac data for interference detection. The NACp indicator enables estimation of the position error derived from GPS, which is compared with the HDOP value of the GPS satellite constellation. Based on this comparison, the developed detection algorithm determines whether the aircraft is affected by jamming. The detection methodology is evaluated on datasets obtained during deliberate experiments with GPS jamming. The proposed methodology provides a way to detect GNSS interference, facilitating mitigation of its impact on air traffic operation.

10.1017/aer.2024.67

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Recognition of GNSS Jamming Patterns in ADS-B Data

Petr Lukeš Tereza Topková Tomáš Vlček Stanislav Pleninger

With the increasing dependency on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for navigation and surveillance, aviation is focusing on mitigation of threats caused by a possible system unavailability due to jamming or spoofing. This research deals with pattern recognition of the time evolution of quality indicators in transmitted Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) messages during GNSS jamming in non jammed data over Central Europe. An evaluation of the quality indicators from all messages within a one month interval is presented. A practical jamming experiment was done to determine how the quality indicators are changing during a jamming presence. Afterwards, the results of the experiment are used as a foundation for the proposed jamming detection technique using ADS-B data based on pattern recognition and cluster analysis. A natural presence of a quality indicators variability is proven in the data using these methods, similar to the indicators variability during GNSS jamming.

Unavailability

Spoofing attack

GNSS augmentation

10.23919/ntca50409.2020.9291039

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Citations (12)

Analysis of Quality Indicators in ADS-B Messages

MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development (2017)

Simon Tesi Stanislav Pleninger

There is lack of available statistical data in the field of quality indicators in ADS-B messages, particularly in Czech airspace. Quality indicators in the ADS-B message define if this message can be used by ATM applications. This article is devoted to the analysis of quality indicators in the ADS-B messages. The data collected in the Czech airspace during six months were analysed. These data were statistically evaluated. The main objective is the statistical evaluation of the data and comparing them with quality requirements in Europe. The article deals with results of the statistics and assessment of the level of quality. Results are satisfactory and similar to the results published by EUROCONTROL and FAA. According to the examined data, 86.42% of them meets the EASA requirements in RAD environment. As ADS-B is not mandatory yet, it is possible to state that these results are satisfying.

Statistical Analysis

10.14311/mad.2017.03.01

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Citations (3)

Evaluation of DME network capability using combination of rule-based model and gradient boosting regression

Journal of Air Transport Management (2024)

Tereza Topková Stanislav Pleninger Jakub Hospodka Jakub Kraus

The future development of aeronautical navigation foresees an infrastructure rationalization of radionavigation aids with the aim of maintaining only the Minimum Operational Network, which brings benefits in terms of operational cost savings, promotes sustainability and optimal use of the radio spectrum. To ensure that the necessary navigation performance is preserved, the Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) plays a significant role, as DME/DME navigation is a short-term contingency solution when Global Navigation Satellite System is unavailable. Therefore, new DME ground stations are put into operation even though other navigation aids are being decommissioned at the same time. This paper addresses a question of possible DME network rationalization by developing a software model using a combination of a rule-based model, approximating of airborne DME interrogators interacting with DME ground transponders, with the implementation of the Gradient Boosting Regression to predict load of DME ground stations. The model is validated by comparing the results with the real load data obtained from an Air Navigation Service Provider. Several test cases are performed to evaluate the capability of the European DME network, simulating a reduction in the number of en-route DME stations and increases in air traffic using clustering methods. The results show that the ground station load limit was rarely reached, demonstrating the robustness and the potential for rationalization of the DME infrastructure.

rationalization

Robustness

10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102637

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