Die Feinabstimmung zwischen den lateralen intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen und der Molekül-Substrat-Bindung ermöglicht die Selbstorganisation supramolekularer Nanostrukturen an Oberflächen. Die rastertunnelmikroskopische Aufnahme zeigt die Bildung einer Doppelkette aus 4-[trans-2-(Pyrid-4-yl)vinyl]benzoesäure-Molekülen, die auf einer Ag(111)-Oberfläche im Ultrahochvakuum adsorbiert wurden.
Polymer micelles with distinct morphologies and unique microphase separation microstructures can exhibit different properties and functions, holding great promise for a range of biomedical applications. In the current work, the topological effects of grafted triblock copolymers on the morphologies and microphase separation microstructures of micelles, including block arrangements and grafting arrangements of hydrophobic side chains, are systematically studied. Using common copolymer components of typical drug carriers, micelles with interesting geometries are achieved, such as raspberry, multicompartment, ellipsoidal and dumbbell shapes, in which the relationship between micelle morphology and copolymer topology is verified. With further exploration of the grafting position and amount of hydrophobic side chains, the microstructure influencing mechanism of copolymer micelles in self-assembly is discussed. The block arrangements of hydrophobic side chains determine the configurations of copolymers (zigzag/bridge) inside micelles, which in turn affect the morphological transitions (from spherical to ringed short-rods and then to cylinders) and the size of the hydrophobic ring, which further gradually change into hydrophobic cage. This study provides insight into the microstructure of hydrophobic side chain grafted copolymer micelles and further helps to understand the mechanism of controlling the morphology of micelles, which might be useful to guide the molecular design and experimental preparation of micelles with controllable morphology for drug encapsulation and delivery.
The intracellular domains of connexins are essential for the assembly of gap junctions. For connexin 36 (Cx36), the major neuronal connexin, it has been shown that a dysfunctional PDZ binding motif interferes with electrical synapse formation. However, it is still unknown how this motif coordinates the transport of Cx36. In the present study, we characterize a phenotype of Cx36 mutants that lack a functional PDZ binding motif using HEK293T cells as an expression system. We provide evidence that an intact PDZ binding motif is critical for proper ER export of Cx36. Removing the PDZ binding motif of Cx36 results in ER retention and the formation of multi-membrane vesicles containing gap junction-like connexin aggregates. Using a combination of site directed mutagenesis and electron micrographs we reveal that these vesicles consist of Cx36 channels that docked prematurely in the ER. Our data suggest a model in which ER-retained Cx36 channels reshape the ER membrane into concentric whorls that are released into the cytoplasm.
Abstract: We have demonstrated a novel drug delivery system to improve the selectivity of the current chemotherapy by pH-responsive, polymeric micelle carriers. The micelle carriers were prepared by the self-assembly of copolymers containing the polybasic poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) block. The mixed copolymers exhibited a comparatively low critical micelle concentration (CMC; 1.95–5.25 mg/L). The resultant mixed micelles were found to be <100 nm and were used to encapsulate the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) with pretty good drug-loading content (24%) and entrapment efficiency (55%). Most importantly, the micelle carrier exhibited a pH-dependent conformational conversion and promoted the DOX release at the tumorous pH. Our in vitro studies demonstrated the comparable level of DOX-loaded mixed micelle delivery into tumor cells with the free DOX (80% of the tumor cells were killed after 48 h incubation). The DOX-loaded mixed micelles were effective to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells after prolonged incubation. Overall, the pH-responsive mixed micelle system provided desirable potential in the controlled release of anticancer therapeutics. Keywords: PDEAEMA, copolymers, pH-responsive, mixed micelle, DOX, targeting delivery
Atomically flat, homogeneous, and protein-resistant monolayers can be readily prepared on H–Si(111) surfaces by photo-induced hydrosilylation of α-oligo(ethylene glycol)-ω-alkenes.
Multidentate organosiloxane thin films were prepared on SiO2/Si surfaces by solution phase deposition of carbosilane dendrons containing a bromophenyl group at the focal point and 3 (Br-G0), 9 (Br-G1), and 27 (Br-G2) SiCl3 groups at the periphery. The films were characterized by contact angle goniometry, ellipsometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that about six Br-G0 molecules covered the same surface area as three Br-G1 molecules and one Br-G2 molecule. Hence, the density of the bromophenyl groups in the films could be defined by the size (generation) of the dendron adsorbates. We also demonstrated that the bromophenyl groups on the film surfaces could serve as a handle for attaching conjugated molecules via formation of C−C bonds. Thus, upon treatment of the films with 4-fluorostyrene under Heck reaction conditions, XPS analysis showed that about 90, 66, and 51% of the bromine atoms in the films prepared from Br-G0, Br-G1, and Br-G2 were consumed, and 94, 82, and 58% of the consumed bromine atoms were replaced by fluorostyryl groups. The remaining bromophenyl groups were probably not accessible to the reactants because of their unfavorable orientation. The overall yields for the surface Heck reaction were estimated to be 84, 54, and 30% for the films prepared from Br-G0, Br-G1, and Br-G2, respectively.
In this chapter, the product's supply and demand of each one in such six major food crops as rice, wheat, maize, potato, soybean and rapeseed in major producer-countries and the world from 1961 to 2019 are respectively analyzed in terms of the production quantity and the per capita quantity to evaluate the status and variation of corresponding product for global food security. From 1961 to 2019 the product's supply and demand of six major food crops are as follows. In either major producer-countries or the world, the per capita quantity of rice was increased less than the production quantity especially within recent decades—mainly due to the growth of population number (typically in Indonesia), as a consequence that relative supply or per capita consumption of the product was nearly stagnant worldwide. In most major producer-countries and the world, the per capita quantity of wheat was increased less than the production quantity especially over recent decades; noticeably in USA, the production quantity and per capita quantity of wheat were irregularly decreased in a way since 1990s; global relative supply or per capita consumption of wheat product was generally declined to a small extent worldwide. The production quantity and per capita quantity of maize were generally increased in coherence with the fluctuation in most major producer-countries; the per capita quantity of world maize was heightened less than the production due to the growth of global population number, but relative supply or per capita consumption of maize was generally increased worldwide. The per capita quantity of potato generally decreased in Russia since 1991 (the beginning), in USA since 1996, and in the world since 1961; while that in China was increased in general since 1963. The production quantity and per capita quantity of soybean were increased in consistence in most major producer-countries and the world; the per capita quantity of soybean was decreased more than the production quantity in China especially over past decade, indicating that Chinese is far below self-sufficiency of the product and needs the importation. The production quantity and per capita quantity of rapeseed were increased in coherence in most major producer-countries; noticeably the production quantity and per capita quantity of rapeseed in France were decreased over past decade, among those in first five countries of the production quantity in 2019; global per capita consumption of rapeseed was generally improved worldwide in the past except recent years.