Abstract A two‐dimensional ( x, z ) Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model is presented that is correct (i.e. fulfils the well‐mixed condition) for neutral to convective conditions. The probability density function (pdf) of the particle velocities is constructed as a weighted sum of a neutral pdf ( u and w jointly Gaussian) and a convective pdf ( w skewed, u and w uncorrelated). The transition function ℱ varies continuously with stability and therefore ensures that the model results are not confined to a finite number of stability classes. The model is described in full detail and some sensitivity tests are presented. In particular, the role of C o , the universal constant in the Lagrangian structure function for the inertial subrange, in determining average plume characteristics is discussed. Furthermore, the evolution of average plume‐height and ‐width is investigated for different boundary‐layer stabilities ranging from ideally neutral to fully convective. Finally, the model is applied to the situation of a tracer experiment in Copenhagen, and it is shown that the measured surface‐concentrations can be well simulated.

Constant (computer programming)

10.1002/qj.49712253004

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A view of Hurricane Katrina with early 21st century technology

Eos (2006)

Xin Lin J. Li Max J. Suárez Adrian M. Tompkins Duane E. Waliser

Observing, modeling, and forecasting systems have been undergoing rapid development in the past two to three decades. For example, Atlantic hurricanes are closely monitored by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service through a significantly improved upper‐air and ground‐based observational network supplemented by aircraft, ship, and ocean buoy data. Given initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions provided by larger‐scale model analyses, regional models have been widely utilized to predict hurricane track and intensity. Nowadays, satellite observations are playing an increasingly important role in providing global estimations of precipitation, radiative fluxes, clouds, and winds, with unprecedented temporal and spatial coverage. Global atmospheric models and global operational analyses are moving toward providing forecasts and products at resolutions ranging from 0.1° to 0.5° (10–50 kilometers).There is evidence that improved hurricane structure and track forecasts could result in part from such increases in model resolution.

Dropsonde

10.1029/2006eo410002

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The Critical Role of Observations in Informing Climate Science, Assessment and Policy

Boletín - Organización Meteorológica Mundial (2021)

Dick Dee Peter Thorne Simon Noone Omar Baddour Caterina Tassone

Climate science

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The Development Of NCEP Global Aerosol Modeling System: Fire Emissions

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (2010)

Haiyan Huang Allyson Silva X. Zhang Shobha Kondragunta Yu Tang

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