Abstract Introducing nonnative species as a restoration strategy has been widely implemented to rehabilitate coastal ecosystems. Nonnative species becomes an important factor influencing soil physicochemical patterns. Although these effects have been explored individually, the comprehensive examination of soil physicochemical attributes that indicate possible processes of coastal soil resilience or degradation induced by nonnative species has been less emphasized. To expand such understanding, we used a space‐for‐time substitution methodology to capture characteristics of soil physicochemical attributes and plant productivity in space and time, and further, we used a structural equation model (SEM) to evaluate a set of hypotheses about positive effects of plant invasion ( Spartina alterniflora ) on soil resilience in terms of soil degradation processes (fertility, salinization, acidification, alkalization, structure, and erosion) in the east‐central China coast. SEM analyses revealed 3 aspects of soil degradation that appear to be improved by the exotic S. alterniflora : (a) fertility, (b) desalinization, and (c) erosion resistance. SEM also presented that soil alkalization had occurred with the invasion, indicating the possible decreased capacity of soil against degradation. Although soil became more alkaline, these findings highlight that in the absence of native species, the nonnative species has an overall positive effect on soil resilience against degradation. The connections between nonnative species and soil degradation observed in SEM verified the hypothesized causal relationship, suggesting the significant role nonnative species plays in maintaining soil resilience in regions without native species.
Abstract Prediction of the soil C response to environmental change is often limited by the absence of temporal soil monitoring data from which applicable models can be developed. This constrains the understanding of the processes governing soil C cycling in data‐poor areas. Here, we demonstrate a method to predict soil organic C (SOC) change over time based on the space‐for‐time (SFT) substitution method by constructing spatial and temporal datasets of SOC change from soil datasets pertaining to four periods over the past 40 yr in China. We empirically test the assumption that environmental drivers of the spatial gradients of SOC variation also drive SOC change over time. We find that the accuracy of SOC change predictions obtained with the SFT method is comparable to that of predictions directly obtained with temporal models, with the prediction performance ranging from 86 to 118%. Our results generally support the application of the SFT method to model SOC dynamics over time and highlight the importance of this method to better understand soil C cycling in ecosystems associated with insufficient soil monitoring data. Our findings provide a priori guidance for the suitability of the SFT method as an approach to infer the soil C response to environmental change.
Abstract The carbon balance of the global ecosystems is significantly influenced by the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool in China's terrestrial ecosystems. Nevertheless, the current understanding of the main controlling factors of SOC in different ecosystems and their discrepancies is limited. The goal of this research was to better understand the human and environmental variables affecting SOC in China's terrestrial ecosystems. We designed a conceptual framework using 2674 samples collected from four ecosystems (grasslands, shrublands, wetlands, and croplands) in China during the 2000–2014 period, combining geodetector and multiple regression (MR) approaches to investigate the effects of environmental conditions, human activity, and their interplay on surface SOC (0–20 cm). Results showed that there were large discrepancies in the strength of influencing factors among different ecosystems. Total nitrogen (TN), mean annual temperature (MAT), and bulk density (BD) were the major factors influencing SOC in grasslands. BD, TN, and pH dominated in shrublands. For wetlands, SOC stocks were primarily attributed to maximum temperature (TMMX), MAT, and potential evapotranspiration (PET). Croplands are predominantly controlled by minimum temperature (TMMN), MAT, and TN. These results highlight that natural factors, particularly climatic and soil characteristics, were the dominant factors controlling SOC stocks in China's terrestrial ecosystems. This work also highlights that the interaction of two influencing factors, especially, pairs of soil characteristics factors, pairs of climate and soil characteristics factors, can well explain the drivers of SOC on the surface soil in China. Our study emphasizes the spatial heterogeneity of the factors that influence SOC in terrestrial ecosystems, enhancing knowledge of SOC at the national level, and providing the guideline for devising better policy to improve C sequestration and mitigate climate changes.
Abstract Biological invasion has profoundly influenced coastal soil reservoirs of carbon. Previous carbon studies regarding biological invasion in coastal wetlands mainly focused on soil organic carbon; however, little is known about the mechanisms that control soil inorganic carbon (SIC, e.g., carbonates) variation. In order to explore our understanding, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate controlling mechanisms of SIC in response to Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) invasion in the east‐central China coast, where there is a lack of native salt marsh species. A space‐for‐time substitution method was used to identify sampling sites, assuming it has the capability to quantify the soil‐vegetation relationship along a gradient of the increasing S. alterniflora age (17 year). The results showed that soil inorganic carbon density (SICD) at the 0.3–0.6 m depth exhibited a decline under S. alterniflora invasion, while there was no substantial change at the depths of 0–0.3 m and 0.6–1 m. The majority of the variances in SICD changes could be explained by S. alterniflora invasion and key soil physicochemical variables. In SEM, S. alterniflora invasion, soil water content, and soil texture presented direct influence on SICD throughout the soil profile (i.e., to 1 m depth). Soil salinity presented direct influence on SICD in the upper 0.6 m soil, while pH played an important role in the depth of 0.6–1 m. These results highlight that dynamics of SIC processes are probably controlled by interactions among S. alterniflora invasion and key soil physicochemical variables.