In December 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused severe disease clusters was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province. This viral disease, which is reported to originate from a seafood market where wild animals are illegally sold, has been transmitted among humans worldwide through close contact. Given the growing number of infected people worldwide and the disastrous consequences in all aspects of life, COVID-19 is a serious public health issue that requires special attention. In some countries, the epidemic curve of infection which was in the plateau phase or decreasing phase during the lockdown period increases day by day since the reopening, indicating the second phase of contamination. Therefore, the preventive measures recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) must be respected to stop the spread of the disease. The international crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affects many sectors, including animal production and its related industries. Indeed, with the cessation of imports and exports between countries, it is not possible to provide feeds that are considered as basic raw materials in livestock raising. This situation impairs animal movements, decreases production inputs availability, and negatively affects the economy. The sustainability of animal production is also affected by a shortage of workers due to the lockdown/curfew, the strong decrease in the purchasing power of the consumer, and the intensification of health care tasks. To prevent contamination of animal products and the spread of the disease with food, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends frequent disinfection of food and human contact surfaces at production sites using an appropriate antiseptic. The purpose of this review article is to describe the current status of COVID-19 and investigate its effects on animal production. We propose potential approaches to keep animal products processing units and staff safe from SARS-CoV-2 infection and some strategies to improve animal production quantity and economy
Bu çalışmada Siverek ve Muş bölgelerinde mera koşullarında yetiştirilen, takviye yem verilmeyen ve klinik belirti göstermeyen sağlıklı akkaraman ırkı koyunlardan doğan 20-30 günlük kuzulardaki serum selenyum (Se), bakır (Cu) ve kobalt (Co) değerleri araştırıldı. Araştırılmak üzere her bölgeden 9 dişi 9 erkek olmak üzere 18, toplamda ise 36 kuzu kullanıldı. Mineral madde analizleri Atomik Absorbsiyon Spektrometrede tayin edildi. Bölgeler arasında serum Cu düzeyleri bakımından farklılık bulunmazken (P>0.05); serum Se ve Co değerleri arasında önemli farklılıklar tespit edildi (P<0.05). Her iki bölgede de ortalama serum Se düzeyi yüksek bulunurken, serum Cu düzeyi referans değerlerden düşük olarak bulundu. Serum Co değeri ise hem Siverek hem de Muş’ta normal değerler arasında tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, Siverek ve Muş’ta meraya dayalı yetiştiriciliğin yapıldığı dönemde kuzulara Cu desteği verilmesi gerektiği kanaatine varıldı.
SUMMARYThe most important stress factors that disrupt homoeostasis, i.e. stable internal balance, in poultry are environmental, nutritional, microbiological, and managing, negatively affecting poultry health and production. Over the past few years, the prevalence of heat stress conditions in poultry production areas worldwide has increased due to climate change. Among the environmental stressors, high ambient temperatures pose a significant challenge to poultry production, resulting in substantial economic losses and molecular and cellular changes that compromise animal health and productivity. High ambient temperature lead to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and damaging the antioxidant capacity of the poultry. Oxidative stress has the potential to harm cell proteins, lipids, and DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. The amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that increase with the effect of heat stress is regulated by the antioxidant defence system together with transcription factors and vitagenes. Activation of vitagenes through transcription factors leads to synthesising various protective molecules that try to prevent ROS overproduction. Nutrients such as vitamins E, and C, selenium, and curcumin play a crucial role in antioxidant processes. When these nutrients are included in the poultry diet, they enhance the antioxidant defence system, thereby combating the detrimental effects of stress factors and improving the immune system's defence. This perspective on improving antioxidant defence for poultry under stress conditions concerns the activation of essential transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor-erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). Therefore, the development of nutritional supplements that regulate vitagenes has become a priority for enterprises involved in poultry production. This review focuses on examining the impact of several nutrients on the antioxidant defence system and transcription factors in mitigating heat stress in poultry.
Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is a popular experimental animal model in scientific research. The present study investigated the effects of dietary multiple enzyme supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and small intestinal histomorphology in quails fed diets based on wheat and soya bean meal. A total number of 192 1-day-old quails were assigned to three treatments with 16 replicates in each and four quails per replicate for 38 days. The control group received a basal diet, and the treatment groups received a basal diet with 0.10 or 0.20% multi-enzyme, respectively. Growth performance parameters, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and small intestinal histomorphology in quails were evaluated. Dietary supplementation of multi-enzymes to diet significantly increased body weight gain and improved the feed conversion rate. Moreover, quails fed with 0.10 or 0.20% multi-enzymes showed better ash digestibility coefficients and apparent metabolizable energy coefficients than the control quails. Furthermore, quails fed on a diet containing 0.20% multi-enzyme had the highest crude fiber digestibility. The villi length and the villi length/crypt depth ratio of the duodenum were significantly increased and the crypt depth was decreased in quails-fed diets supplemented with both multi-enzyme levels. However, feed consumption, carcass yield, carcass weight, heart weight, gizzard weight, liver weight and total intestine weights were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, our results showed that dietary supplementation of multi-enzymes to a wheat and soybean meal-based diet enhanced the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of quails.
