Enzymatic preparation of linoleic acid from sunflower oil was examined through a statistical approach. Initially, enzyme screening for oil hydrolysis was investigated. The results indicated that lipases from yeast and bacteria provided higher rates of hydrolysis, when compared to lipases from fungi. In particular, the utilization of Candida rugosa lipase offered the highest hydrolysis rate of 67.12%. Once the optimal lipase for oil hydrolysis was identified, an optimization of the enzymatic process was further investigated. Central composite design was employed in this experiment. The independent variables, affecting the degree of hydrolysis, were found to be buffer-to-oil and enzyme-to-oil ratios, as well as the initial pH (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis suggested that the precision of the predictive model was adequate, due to the low p-values (p < 0.01) and satisfactory levels of the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.89). In addition, verification of the statistical model suggested that the difference between the predicted and actual degree of hydrolysis was less than 5%. To achieve a hydrolysis degree of 76.07%, the optimal conditions were as follows: buffer-to-oil ratio of 4:1 (w/w), enzyme-to-oil ratio of 750.28 U/g and initial pH of 6.7. Subsequently, urea complex fractionation was performed to enrich the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the enzymatic hydrolysates. The results suggested that the purity of the linoleic acid could be enriched to 70% (w/w). Thus, this process could be used to effectively prepare the linoleic acid as a bio-based ingredient for nutraceutical and cosmetic products.
The beautiful Thai orchid species are Aerides and Rhynchostylis coelestis Rchb.f. that hybrids are valued for potted plants or cut flowers. Interspecific hybridization of Aerides species and intergeneric hybridization of Aerides species with Rhynchodtylis coelestis were investigated to observe their cross ability and the germination of hybrid seeds in vitro. The successful crosses were 4 interspecific hybrids including A. multiflora × A. houlletiana, A. odoratum × A. multiflora, A. odoratum × A. houlletiana, A. falcata × A. houlletiana (40 to 100 % pod formation) and 3 intergeneric hybrids including A. multiflora × R. coelestis, A. houlletiana × R. coelestis and A. falcata × R. coelestis (83 to 100 % pod formation). The age and size of mature pods of interspecific hybrids were 106 to 181 days with length of 1.40 to 2.37 cm and width of 0.70 to 1.23 cm and intergeneric hybrids were 93 to 165 days with length of 1.75 to 2.68 cm and width of 0.81 to 1.18 cm after pollination. Seeds of 4 interspecific and 3 intergeneric hybrids germinated into protocorms after sowing on VW (1949) agar medium for 26 to 84 days and 35 to 50 days, respectively. Hybrid plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots for 150 days after cultured on modified VW (1949) agar medium supplemented with 100 g L–1 banana, 150 mL L–1 coconut water, 20 g L–1 sucrose, 2 g L–1 activated charcoal, 7 g L–1 agar, and pH 5.2 at 25 ± 2 °C under light condition for 16 h day–1. Hybrid plantlets were transplanted into greenhouse condition after 180 days showed 100 % survival and grew. The successful hybridization of Aerides hybrids can be applied for production new varieties of orchids.
HIGHLIGHTS
The genus Aerides is one of the most beautiful Thai orchids that flowers have variation in shapes, sizes, and color for potted plants or cut flowers. Rhynchostylis coelestisf. is native to Thailand that the flower colors are purple used for trades and making hybrids
There are reported on interspecific hybridization of some Aerides without intergeneric hybridization with Rhynchostylis coelestis Rchb.f
The ability to interspecific hybridization of Aerides and intergeneric hybridization between Aerides spp. with Rhynchostylis coelestis Rchb.f. were successful for pod formation, seed germination and developed into plantlets
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
