Dipankar Maji

Government of West Bengal

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Ardhendu Kumar Maji

Government of West Bengal

Pabitra Saha

Tumkur University

Ashif Ali Sardar

Government of West Bengal

Subhasish Kamal Guha

University of Liverpool

Sambuddha Ghosh

Shanghai University of Finance and Economics

Palash Mondal

R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital

Gautam Bhaduri

Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College

Subhalakshmi Mukhopadhyay

Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research

Anwesha Samanta

Visva-Bharati University

Shanta Dutta

National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases

Cooperative Institutions

Indian Council of Medical Research

Government of West Bengal

National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases

Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

University of Calcutta

Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research

National Institute of Epidemiology

Malda Medical College and Hospital

Midnapore Medical College and Hospital

Visva-Bharati University

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Active Community-Based Case Finding of Endemic Leishmaniasis in West Bengal, India

Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health (2024)

Subhasish Kamal Guha Ashif Ali Sardar Amartya Kumar Misra Pabitra Saha Anwesha Samanta

Abstract Introduction The ongoing visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination programme in India is targeting the elimination of the disease VL but not the pathogen. The persistence of hidden parasite pool may initiate a resurgence in suitable conditions. This study dealt with a novel approach to unearth such pathogen pool and their proper management to prevent the resurgence of VL. Materials and Methods We deployed a new approach for detection of pathogen pool by following up the VL and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients treated during the last 10 years along with mass sero-surveillance within a radius of 500 m of recently treated individuals. Results We followed up 72.6% (3026/4168) previously treated VL and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients and diagnosed 42 (1.4%) new and 38 (1.3%) recurrent post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. We detected 93 asymptomatic leishmanial infection, 8 VL and 1 post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis by mass sero-surveillance. Conclusion Our three-step process including mapping and follow-up of previously treated cases, mass surveillance within 500 m of radius of known cases, and 6 monthly follow-on clinical and serological screening of asymptomatic cases, enabled detection of previously undetected cases of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and VL. Recurrent post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis deserves special attention regarding their treatment guideline. Early diagnosis and effective treatment of all leishmaniasis cases will hasten pathogen elimination and prevent resurgence of VL. This may help the policymakers to develop appropriate strategy for elimination of pathogen to prevent resurgence of VL.

Protozoan parasite

10.1007/s44197-024-00260-2

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Measles outbreak among the Dukpa tribe of Buxa hills in West Bengal, India: Epidemiology and vaccine efficacy

Indian Journal of Public Health (2013)

Dipankar Maji Satinath Bhuniya Debasis Mandal Nilanjan Mondal

Although measles is a vaccine preventable disease, its occurrence and outbreaks are common in India. Four remote and inaccessible hamlets, inhabited by the Dukpa tribe, at Buxa Hills under Kalchini Block of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal experienced a measles outbreak during the months of April-June, 2011. The authors conducted an investigation to assess vaccine coverage, vaccine efficacy (VE) and to describe the patterns of measles outbreaks in this community. The over-all attack rate was 14.3%; that among males and females were 12.6% and 16.0% respectively (P = 0.189). Attack rate was highest (40%) in 0 to <5 years followed by that in the 5 to <15 years (36.5%). VE was 66.3% (95% of the confidence interval 46.9-78.6%). There is an urgent need to increase the vaccination coverage through special tactics for reaching the unreached.

Tribe

Attack rate

West bengal

Vaccine efficacy

10.4103/0019-557x.123273

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Challenges for maintaining post elimination phase of visceral leishmaniasis control programme in India: A field-based study

PLoS neglected tropical diseases (2024)

Subhasish Kamal Guha Ashif Ali Sardar Pabitra Saha Moytrey Chatterjee Kingsuk Jana

Background India is going through the maintenance phase of VL elimination programme which may be threatened by the persistence of hidden parasite pools among asymptomatic leishmanial infection (ALI) and PKDL. The present work was designed to determine the burden of VL, PKDL, and ALI and to assess the role of treatment of ALI in maintaining post-elimination phase. Methods and finding The study was undertaken in Malda district, West Bengal, India during October 2016 to September 2021. Study areas were divided into ‘Study’ and ‘Control’ arms. VL and PKDL cases of both the arms were diagnosed by three active mass surveys with an interval of one year and treated as per National guideline. ALI of ‘Study’ arm was treated like VL. ALI of ‘Control’ arm was followed up to determine their fate. Fed sand-fly pools were analysed for parasitic DNA. No significant difference was noted between the incidence of VL and PKDL in both the arms. Incidence of ALI declined sharply in ‘Study’ arm but an increasing trend was observed in ‘Control’ arm. Significantly higher rate of sero-conversion was noted in ‘Control’ arm and was found to be associated with untreated ALI burden. Parasitic DNA was detected in 22.8% ALI cases and 2.2% sand-fly pools. Conclusion Persistence of a significant number of PKDL and ALI and ongoing transmission, as evidenced by new infection and detection of leishmanial DNA in vector sand-flies, may threaten the maintenance of post-elimination phase. Emphasis should be given for elimination of pathogen to prevent resurgence of VL epidemics.

10.1371/journal.pntd.0012028

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Isolation and Characterization of Pandemic and Nonpandemic Strains ofVibrio parahaemolyticusfrom an Outbreak of Diarrhea in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease (2013)

Goutam Chowdhury Santanu K. Ghosh Gururaja Perumal Pazhani Bimal Kanti Paul Dipankar Maji

Strains of the enteric pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus harboring the thermostable hemolysin (TDH) encoding gene tdh is known to cause epidemic and pandemic diarrhea. In industrialized countries, this pathogen causes sporadic or outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with consumption of raw or improperly cooked seafood. This report describes a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus in June 2011 following consumption of food served at a funeral reception held at Habra, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. About 650 people attended the function, of whom 44 had acute watery diarrhea with other clinical symptoms; 35 of them were admitted to the District Hospital for the rehydration treatment. Stool specimens collected from three hospitalized cases were positive for V. parahaemolyticus, of which two strains were identified as an O4:K8 serovar and one was identified as O3:K6 serovar. The O3:K6 strain also possessed the pandemic group-specific toxRS gene target (GS), whereas the O4:K8 strains were negative. All strains were polymerase chain reaction–positive for tdh but were polymerase chain reaction–negative for trh. All of the strains were resistant to ampicillin but were pansensitive to other antimicrobials tested. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis using NotI showed that the O3:K6 strain was similar to that of a recent clinical strain from Kolkata, but had diverged from other strains during previous years. In contrast, PFGE analysis showed that the O4:K8 strains were closely related but differed from the Kolkata strain.

Pandemic

10.1089/fpd.2012.1340

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Assessment of effectiveness of Japanese encephalitis vaccination in West Bengal, India using sample positivity rate as an alternate measure

Journal of Vector Borne Diseases (2021)

Debjit Chakraborty Surajita Banerjee Dipankar Maji T.K. Dey K. Vaitheeswaran

Japanese encephalitis (JE), is a vaccine preventable mosquito borne arboviral disease. The State Health Department of West Bengal, India started a vaccination programme using live attenuated, single dose JE vaccine (SA-14-14-2) in children aged 1-below15 years since 2006 in five districts. The objectives were to compare Sample Positivity Rates (SPR) of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) cases for JE between vaccinated & unvaccinated districts and observe trend of SPR & Cumulative Incidence in vaccinated districts for three years.The study was based on the analysis of surveillance data from all tested AES cases including confirmed JE (IgM ELISA) from all JE testing facilities existent in the state during the study period (2011-13). Calculation of Cumulative Incidence, Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% CI, Preventive Fraction and Chi Square for trend (for SPR) was done. Trend of incidence was assessed by linear regression.In three years, 5 vaccinated districts contributed 945 AES and 88 JE cases (SPR - 9.3%) compared to 1807 and 254 (SPR - 14.1%) JE cases in 14 unvaccinated districts. Effectiveness of vaccination was evident by gradual decline of Odds Ratio in favour of vaccinated districts. Vaccination effectiveness of 68% overall and 80% [OR = 0.20 (0.10 - 0.41)] in below 15 years were observed. Trend of SPR was found significantly declining in most of the vaccinated districts.Significant reduction in sample positivity rate over three years in most of the vaccinated districts indicated that the vaccination programme had been gradually effective.

West bengal

Japanese encephalitis vaccine

10.4103/0972-9062.321751

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Impact of Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) of synthetic pyrethroid (alphacypermethrin) on sand fly population in the Kala-azar endemic areas of Malda district, West Bengal, India

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science (2022)

Ashif Ali Sardar Pabitra Saha Dipankar Maji Ushnish Guha Ardhendu Kumar Maji

Indoor residual spraying

Population density

10.1007/s42690-022-00830-6

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Visual impairment in urban school children of low-income families in Kolkata, India

Indian Journal of Public Health (2012)

Sambuddha Ghosh Udayaditya Mukhopadhyay Dipankar Maji Gautam Bhaduri

To evaluate pattern of visual impairment in school children from low-income families in Kolkata, India, an institutional cross-sectional study was conducted among 2570 children of 10 primary schools. Ocular examination including refraction was done and pattern of visual impairment and refractive error was studied. The age range was 6-14 years. Refractive error was seen in 14.7%. Only 4 children were already wearing correction. Myopia and hypermetropia was present in 307 (11.9%) and 65 (2.5%) children, respectively. Visual acuity of less than 6/12 in better eye was present in 109 (4.2%) and 5 (0.2%) children pre- and post-correction, respectively. Eighteen children had amblyopia. Although prevalence of refractive error in this group is less compared to school children of all income categories reported from other cities of India, it is more compared to school children of all income categories from the same city. Refractive error mostly remains uncorrected in this group.

Hypermetropia

Visual Impairment

10.4103/0019-557x.99919

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Targeting Elimination of Pathogen: Will it Prevent the Resurgence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Indian Sub-Continent?

Subhasish Kamal Guha Ashif Ali Sardar Amartya Kumar Misra Pabitra Saha Anwesha Samanta

Background: The ongoing visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination programme in Indian subcontinent is targeting the elimination of the disease VL but not the pathogen. Persistence of hidden pathogen pool in the form of Post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and asymptomatic leishmanial infection (ALI) may initiate resurgence in suitable conditions. The present study dealt with a novel approach to unearth such hidden parasite pool and their treatment in addition to the ongoing VL elimination programme. Methods: PKDL, VL and ALI were searched in two ways: by follow-up of previously treated VL and PKDL patients, and by mass screening within a radius of 500 meters of active VL and PKDL treated in preceding three years.Findings: Out of targeted 4168 previously treated VL and PKDL 3026 were followed up. Among them, 42 new and 38 relapsed PKDL were detected. Relapsed PKDL were confirmed microscopically and/or by PCR. Mass screening surrounding 500 meters of active and recently treated cases revealed 93 ALI, 8 VL and 1 PKDL. Interpretation: Diagnosis of hidden pathogen pool can be done by the methods used in the present study. Attention to be paid on the event of relapsed PKDL by follow-up of previously treated PKDL cases. As no drug policy is available for relapsed PKDL, a clinical trial with different combination of antileishmanial drugs for formulation of treatment policy is also warranted. This may help the policymakers to develop appropriate strategy for eliminating pathogen to prevent resurgence of VL in future.Funding: This work was financially supported by the National Health Mission, Government of West Bengal (Sanction No.: HFW-27011/146/2021-NHM SEC-Dept. of H&FW/2175 dated 28.07.2021).Declaration of Interest: We have no conflicts of interest concerning the work reported in this article.Ethical Approval: Written informed consent was obtained from each suspected PKDL cases or from their parents/legal guardian for collection of SSS samples for smear, PCR during clinical examination in medical camps. The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine has approved the study protocol.

10.2139/ssrn.4624398

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An Observational Study of the Pattern of HIV Infection in a Specified Rural Area of India With Special Reference to Migratory Laborers

Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (2010)

Subhalakshmi Mukhopadhyay Arunangshu Talukdar Pradip Kumar Mitra Sambuddha Ghosh Dipankar Maji

Determination of the pattern of HIV/AIDS in patients attending voluntary confidential counseling and testing center (VCCTC) and prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT) center of a low-prevalence district of Eastern India. To find out high-risk group and interventional strategy for prevention.Cross-sectional exploratory secondary data analysis from the VCCTC and PPTCT register.Of the 1348 participants, 160 (11.86%) adults were HIV seropositive. Prevalence in males and females was 9.8% and 20.7%, respectively. Among 22 (1.63%) seropositive children, transmission was vertical in 18 (81.8%). Seventy-one (88.75%) positive adult males were migratory goldsmiths working in Mumbai and other big cities. They were clustered in a particular locality (Daspur).Goldsmiths migrated from Daspur to big cities are the bridge populations who are responsible for higher prevalence of HIV in their families and locality. Interventional strategies targeted at this high-risk group are suggested.

10.1177/1545109710361641

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Authors’ response

The Indian Journal of Medical Research (2024)

Upasana Baskey Priya Verma Palash Mondal Supradip Dutta Aritra Biswas

10.25259/ijmr.ijmr_1055_23

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