Abstract The primary objective of this systematic review is to describe the effectiveness of nerve transfers for restoring quadriceps motor function in patients with femoral nerve palsy. MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL were searched from their inception to June 2023 for any English language, primary literature investigating nerve transfers for femoral nerve palsy. Data were extracted for study and intervention characteristics, as well as clinical outcomes, including preoperative and postoperative knee extension strength, electrodiagnostic studies, functional outcomes, adverse events, and donor site morbidity. The primary outcome was defined as return of knee extension equivalent to or greater than a grade 4-on the Medical Research Council scale. Eighteen studies with a total of 40 patients were included. The most common nerve donor was the obturator nerve in 17 studies with 37 patients, followed by the nerve to sartorius in two studies (10 patients). Significant variations in procedures and outcomes reported were observed. There were no studies that reported an effect on ambulation due to donor weakness. Based on the available literature, nerve transfer appears to be an effective treatment for restoring quadriceps function in this population, with 79% of patients in our study achieving at minimum 4-/5 Medical Research Council grade power.
While nest usurpation and subsequent incubation of eggs and even brooding of chicks from other species has been reported for Common Terns (Sterna hirundo), such behavior is considered rare. We report an observation of a Common Tern pair usurping the Least Tern (Sternula antillarum) nest and brooding the Least Tern chicks. While the Least Tern pair attempted to provide care for the chicks, the Common Terns displayed aggressive behavior and defended the nest. Though both species attempted to feed the chicks, no feeding events were observed due to harassment from the other species. Neither pair was observed nesting prior to or following this event, and all chicks are believed to have been lost to predation. We discuss the possible scenarios leading to the observed usurpation event, the possibility that usurpations are more common than previously believed, and the need for different monitoring methods to elucidate the causes of usurpations.
ABSTRACT The autosomal recessive gene for brachypodism (bp) in the mouse affects the appendicular, but not the axial skeleton. Manus and pes are more severely affected than the rest of the limbs; the girdles are normal. In digits 2–5, the basal and middle phalanges of the normal are replaced by a short and thin element which never ossifies properly; by contrast, the terminal phalanges are normal or nearly so. Up to the 13-day stage, the limbs of brachypods are externally quite normal, but anomalies of the digital blastemata are detectable in the 12-day embryo already, i.e. before the onset of chondrification. In the 14-day embryo, the overall length of metapod + phalanges is still nearly normal; but the basal and middle phalanges of the normal are represented by a single thin element which is absolutely longer whereas the metacarpale (metatarsale) is correspondingly reduced in length and calibre. This situation is subsequently reversed by heterogonie growth as the phalangeal element of brachypods grows very little. The normality of the terminal phalanges is largely due to the fact that, in the mouse, much of the terminal phalanx is formed directly from membrane and not by replacement of its cartilaginous ‘model’ on which it sits like a thimble. Brachypodism is thus due to an abnormality of the limb blastemata which precedes chondrification, but whose nature is unknown. Generally, muscular and tendinous anomalies parallel those of the skeleton.
Journal Article A new docodont from the Forest Marble Get access K. A. KERMACK, F.L.S., K. A. KERMACK, F.L.S. 1Department of Zoology, University College, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. J. LEE, A. J. LEE 1Department of Zoology, University College, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar PATRICIA M. LEES, F.L.S., PATRICIA M. LEES, F.L.S. 1Department of Zoology, University College, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar FRANCES MUSSETT, F.L.S. FRANCES MUSSETT, F.L.S. 1Department of Zoology, University College, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 89, Issue 1, January 1987, Pages 1–39, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1987.tb01342.x Published: 15 May 2008 Article history Received: 01 November 1985 Accepted: 01 April 1986 Published: 15 May 2008
Abstract: Levels of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and lead were measured by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy in parkinsonian and age‐matched control brain tissue. There was 31‐35% increase in the total iron content of the parkinsonian substantia nigra when compared to control tissue. In contrast, in the globus pallidus total iron levels were decreased by 29% in Parkinson's disease. There was no change in the total iron levels in any other region of the parkinsonian brain. Total copper levels were reduced by 34–45% in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease; no difference was found in the other brain areas examined. Zinc levels were increased in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease by 50–54%, and the zinc content of the caudate nucleus and lateral putamen was also raised by 18–35%. Levels of manganese and lead were unchanged in all areas of the parkinsonian brain studied when compared to control brains, except for a small decrease (20%) in manganese content of the medial putamen. Increased levels of total iron in the substantia nigra may cause the excessive formation of toxic oxygen radicals, leading to dopamine cell death.
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