Tk-subtilisin, a hyperthermostable subtilisin-like serine protease from Thermococcus kodakarensis, matures from the inactive precursor, Pro-Tk-subtilisin (Pro-TKS), upon autoprocessing and degradation of the propeptide (Tkpro). It contains seven Ca2+ ions. Four of them (Ca2–Ca5) are responsible for folding of Tk-subtilisin. In this study, to clarify the role of the other three Ca2+ ions (Ca1, Ca6, and Ca7), we constructed Pro-TKS derivatives lacking the Ca1 ion (Pro-TKS/ΔCa1), Ca6 ion (Pro-TKS/ΔCa6), and Ca7 ion (Pro-TKS/ΔCa7), and their active site mutants (Pro-S324A/ΔCa1, Pro-S324A/ΔCa6, and Pro-S324A/ΔCa7, respectively). Pro-TKS/ΔCa6 and Pro-TKS/ΔCa7 fully matured into their active forms upon incubation at 80 °C for 30 min as did Pro-TKS. The mature enzymes were as active as Tk-subtilisin at 80 °C, indicating that the Ca6 and Ca7 ions are not important for activity. In contrast, Pro-TKS/ΔCa1 matured poorly at 80 °C because of the instability of its mature domain. The enzymatic activity of Tk-subtilisin/ΔCa1 was determined to be 50% of that of Tk-subtilisin using the refolded protein. This result suggests that the Ca1 ion is required for the maximal activity of Tk-subtilisin. The refolding rates of all Pro-S324A derivatives were comparable to that of Pro-S324A (active site mutant of Pro-TKS), indicating that these Ca2+ ions are not needed for folding of Tk-subtilisin. The stabilities of Pro-S324A/ΔCa1 and Pro-S324A/ΔCa6 were decreased by 26.6 and 11.7 °C, respectively, in Tm compared to that of Pro-S324A. The half-lives of Tk-subtilisin/ΔCa6 and Tk-subtilisin/ΔCa7 at 95 °C were 8- and 4-fold lower than that of Tk-subtilisin, respectively. These results suggest that the Ca1, Ca6, and Ca7 ions, especially the Ca1 ion, contribute to the hyperthermostabilization of Tk-subtilisin.
A GH1 β-glucosidase from the fungus Hamamotoa singularis (HsBglA) has high transgalactosylation activity and efficiently converts lactose to galactooligosaccharides. Consequently, HsBglA is among the most widely used enzymes for industrial galactooligosaccharide production. Here, we present the first crystal structures of HsBglA with and without 4'-galactosyllactose, a tri-galactooligosaccharide, at 3.0 and 2.1 Å resolutions, respectively. These structures reveal details of the structural elements that define the catalytic activity and substrate binding of HsBglA, and provide a possible interpretation for its high catalytic potency for transgalactosylation reaction.