Dunaliella salina (D. salina) is a green microalga known for its tendency to produce lipid and β-carotene. Fatty acid profile, lipid and β-carotene productions of the microalga D. salina cultivated under different mixotrophic conditions were assayed. Notably, in spite of a broad spectrum of substrates served, mixotrophic cultivations slightly affected the fatty acid composition, and as a result C16:0 and C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were identified as main fatty acids. Lipid in dry weight biomass (DWB) hit a high of 24.3% at 5% of NaCL and linolenic acid in lipid reached a peak of 9.15% at 15% of NaCL in medium containing glucose and equal amounts of yeast extract and soy bean powder. One-factor-at-a-time was applied to elucidate the substrates which had noticeable impacts on β-carotene production. Glucose, meat peptone, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), pH 7.5 and 5% NaCL were identified as key process parameters impacting β-carotene production. Following, the concentration of glucose, meat peptone and TiO2 NPs were optimized by using response surface method. The highest content of β-carotene, 25.23 mg/g DWB, was obtained in medium composed of (g/L); 22.92 glucose, 5 meat peptone and 0.002 TiO2 NPs.
Abstract Ganoderma lucidum ( G. lucidum ) is a medical mushroom known for its tendency to produce physiologically active compounds with far-reaching effects on human health. Herein, the significance of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 NPs), magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO 2 NPs) and vitamin B6 along with various microelements in the rise of polysaccharide and ganoderic acid (GA) through One Factor At time were examined. TiO 2 NPs, MgO 2 NPs and B6 along with glucose syrup and CLS syrups were discovered to be best for GA productions. Wheat starch and whey protein along with MgO 2 NPs and B6 vitamin stimulated polysaccharide production. After screening, the response surface method (RSM) statistically predicted that the media containing (g/l): 42.11 wheat starch with 22 whey protein and 50 glucose syrups with 30 CSL were optimal chemical conditions for polysaccharide (21.47 percent of dry weight biomass (DWB)) and GA (20.35 mg/g DWB) production respectively.The moss of the fruit body of G. lucidum produced under optimal condition of GA was of the highest diversity in flavonoids and phenolic acids with significant antimicrobial activity against Esherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis . Moss, stem and shell of G. lucidum aggravated the substantial MDA-MB-231 cell death at a dose of 500 µg/ml. The IC50 levels of shell and stem of G. lucidum were 465.3 and 485.7 µg/ml, while moss did not reach 50% inhibition.
Ganoderma lucidum ( G. lucidum ) is a medicinal mushroom that is known for its ability to produce compounds with physiological effects on human health. This research was undertaken to amplify the production of bioactive components of G. lucidum under optimal cultivation conditions, obtained in a submerged state and utilized in solid state fermentation, with the purpose of enhancing antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The results indicated that titanium dioxide (TiO 2 NPs), magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO 2 NPs), and B6, along with glucose syrup and CLS syrups, were the most effective for producing GA, while wheat starch and whey protein, along with MgO 2 NPs and B6 vitamin, stimulated polysaccharide production using the One Factor at a Time (OFAT) method. After screening, the response surface method (RSM) statistically indicated that the media containing 42.11 g/L wheat starch with 22 g/L whey protein and 50 g/L glucose syrup with 30 g/L CSL were found to be the best conditions for polysaccharide (21.47% of dry weight biomass) and GA (20.35 mg/g dry weight biomass) production, respectively. The moss of the fruit body of G. lucidum produced under optimal GA conditions had the highest diversity in flavonoids and phenolic acids and significant antimicrobial activity against Esherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtilis ). In addition, the IC50 levels of shell and stem of G. lucidum were 465.3 and 485.7 μg/mL, respectively, while the moss did not reach 50% inhibition. In the end, the statistical approaches utilized in this research to elevate the levels of bioactive components in the fruiting body of G. lucidum produced a promising natural source of antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
Morchella fungi are considered a good source of protein. The ITS region was used to identify Morchella isolated in the northern region of Iran. The isolated fungus was very similar to Morchella fluvialis . M. fluvialis was first isolated in Iran. Dried biomass of M. fluvialis contained 9% lipids and 50% polysaccharides. Fatty acid profiles of lipids of M. fluvialis are mainly made up of linoleic acid (C18:2) (62%), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) (12%). Testosterone (TS) was also detected (0.732 ng/dry weight biomass (DWB)) in the hormone profile of this new isolated species. Then, various protein and carbon sources as variable factors were applied to identify the key substrates, which stimulated protein production using the one-factor-at-a-time method. Key substrates (glucose and soybean) were statistically analyzed to determine the optimum content of the protein and DWB accumulation using response surface methods. The highest protein content (38% DWB) was obtained in the medium containing 80 g/l glucose and 40 g/l soybean powder. Total nutritionally indispensable amino acids and conditionally indispensable amino acids constitute 55.7% crude protein. That is to say, these adequate quantities of essential amino acids in the protein of M. fluvialis make it a good and promising source of essential amino acids for human diet.
Mortierella alpina has been well-known for producing a substantial amount of lipid with considerable amounts of long poly unsaturated fatty acid. A combination of excess carbon with nitrogen-limited substrates supplemented with magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) were used to assay their effects on lipid and dry weight biomass of Mortierella alpina CBS 754.68 productions and subsequently, the expressions of 10 possible candidate housekeeping genes during the fermentation time. The results indicated that proteins were completely used up over the early stage of the fermentation and, as a result, DWB steadily declined at the end of the fermentation time, while in medium with MgONPs, Mortierella alpina stayed at the growth phase. GeNorm and BestKeeper software were used to analyze statistically the data of Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) of 10 possible candidate housekeeping genes. Ultimately, actin was rated as a best housekeeping gene candidate when Mortierella alpina experienced both growth and death phases, on the other hand dihydropteridine reductase and 28s were realized as suitable ones when Mortierella alpina stayed in a growth phase.
Abstract Several strains of microorganism are capable of converting carbohydrates into extracellular polysaccharide. The preset research is a first effort made to optimize extracellular polysaccharide (CRMEP) by Rhodotorula minuta ATCC 10658 using one factor at time and response surface methods. One factor at time was applied in the initial screening of substrates prior to optimization study. Of all the substrates examined, starch as carbon source and defatted soy bean powder as protein source were discovered to be best for CRMEP production. Response surface analysis revealed that 15 g/L starch and 30g/L defatted soy bean powder were the optimal chemical conditions. The model predicted 13.22 g/L for CRMEP, which went along with the experimentally observed result. Purification of CRMEP by anion‐exchange column of DEAE‐cellulose yielded RMEP. Structural investigation indicated that the main chain of RMEP was composed of (1 → 3) and (1 → 4)‐linked mannopyranosyl residues, with branches attached to O ‐6 of some (1 → 3)‐linked mannopyranosyl residues. The branches were composed of Glc p ‐(1 → residues.
Abstract Mortierella alpine is an oleaginous fungi known for its tendency to produce oil and polyunsaturated fatty acid. Initial experiment indicated that magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) accelerated glucose consumption and, consequently, oil production. After enhancement of Mortierella alpine CBS 754.68' oil production, the oxidative stability of the oil rich in long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid) encapsulated by modified chitosan (CS) was assayed. To confirm the modification of CS, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum indicated that the connection between CS and capric acid (CA) as well as stearic acid (SA) was well formed, leading to a considerable improvement in nanoparticle formation, measured by the SEM photographs, and physical and oxidative stability of emulsions. The oxidative stability of Mortierella alpine' oil emulsion in a period of 20 days at ambient temperature was monitored. Of all treated media, CS‐SA nanoparticles were of the most oxidative stability. The rheological tests showed that viscosity behaviors were dominated by elastic behaviors in the impregnating emulsion with unmodified CS at the applied frequencies, and the elastic behavior of the emulsion sample prepared with CS‐SA was slightly higher than that of the emulsion prepared with CS‐CA. The results of redispersibility indicated that the powdered emulsion stabilized by CS‐SA had the lowest water absorption.
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