(Myricaceae family) is a common plant from Madagascar and is present on the IUCN Red List of threatened species classified at the 'least concern' level, used by the local population to treat numerous illnesses and pain. Despite its frequent use, comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological research on the species is limited. This study evaluated the antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the toxicity of methanol extracts from the leaves (MS_L) and bark (MS_B) of
Freeze-drying fresh vegetables and fruits may not only prevent post-harvest losses but also provide a concentrated source of nutrients and phytochemicals. This study focused on the phenolic composition of different freeze-dried products derived from horticultural crop remains (HCRs) in the vegetable and fruit production chain. These products may be considered as a potential health-promoting solution for preventing post-harvest fruit spoiling and losses. The total polyphenolic content (TPC) and the main phenolics were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD). Additionally, an in vitro chemical screening of the antioxidant capacity was carried out using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. These analyses were performed together with an investigation of the correlations among phenolics and their antioxidant properties, and a bioinformatic approach was used to estimate the main potential bio-targets in human beings. Furthermore, a statistical approach using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out for a multivariate characterization of these products. Catechins, flavonols, and phenolic acids were the predominant and most discriminating classes in different products. The TPC values obtained in this study ranged from 366.86 ± 71.30 mg GAE/100 g DW (apple, MD) to 1077.13 ± 35.47 mg GAE/100 g DW (blueberry, MID) and 1102.25 ± 219.71 mg GAE/100 g DW (kaki, KD). The FRAP values ranged from 49.28 ± 2.88 mmol Fe2+/kg DW (apple, MD) to 80.43 ± 0.02 mmol Fe2+/kg DW (blueberry, MID) and 79.05 ± 0.21 mmol Fe2+/kg DW (kaki, KD). The proposed approach may be an effective tool for quality control and valorization of these products. This study showed that the utilization of crop remains can potentially lead to the development of new functional foods, providing additional economic benefits for farmers. Finally, the use of freeze-drying may potentially be a sustainable and beneficial solution for growers who may directly utilize this technology to produce dried products from the crop remains of their fruit productions.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. is an invasive species widely used in treatment of several diseases associated with pain and inflammation in different countries including Madagascar. This work aims to report the isolation of the antioxidant, analgesic and anti-nflammatory compounds from the methanol extract of I. cylindrica. The bio-guided method was used to isolate its bioactive compounds by combining chromatographic methods, writhing test in mice and antioxidant assays. Stigmast-4-en-3-one was isolated as one among the compounds responsible for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and isovanillin as one among the antioxidant compounds from the extract. Stigmast-4-en-3-one showed a good oral pharmacokinetic profile and good binding affinities with some pro-inflammatory targets. It did not show any mutagenic effect, nor a carcinogenic one and had a low risk to be a cardiotoxic agent. All of our results provide scientific justification for its traditional medicinal use in the management of pain and inflammatory related diseases.
The seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum L. is used to treat scabies and other skin diseases and to alleviate the inflammation in case of dental caries. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the seeds of C. inophyllum. These activities were assessed in vivo models in mice using the ethanol extract (EECi) and the dichloromethane (DFCi), ethyl acetate (EFCi) and the aqueous (AFCi) fractions of the seeds of C. inophyllum obtained by the liquid-liquid partition method from EECi. The writhing test provoked by acetic acid injection was used for the analgesic activity study and the oedema provoked by the carrageenan injection in sub plantar was utilized for the anti-inflammatory activity. Acute and repeated 30-days doses oral toxicities along with the teratogenic effects of the ethanol extract were also evaluated in mice. EECi inhibited the inflammation caused by the carrageenan-induction in dose dependant manner after the 30th, 60th, 120th, 180th and 240th min (p < 0.001). AFCi and EECi at the dose of 100 mg/kg showed similar anti-inflammatory activity (p > 0.05). EECi inhibited the pain at all tested doses. It exerted a similar analgesic activity at the dose of 100 mg/kg to that of the indomethacin (10 mg/kg). DFCi and AFCi (100 mg/kg) showed comparable analgesic activity to that of EECi at 200 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the seeds of C. inophyllum could be attributed to the flavonoids, leucoantocyanins, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and tannins detected in this plant. Moreover, EECi did not exerted toxicity at the active doses (100 and 200 mg/kg). Further studies should be undertaken including the isolation of the active compounds to complete this work and enhance the use of this plant in treatment of pain and inflammatory related diseases.
Lygodium lanceolatum Desv. (Schizaeaceae) is a native fern of Madagascar and Comoros. This species is widely used by the Malagasy population for the treatment of several diseases including different categories of pain. This work aims to determine the antioxidant capacity, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant and to report its phytochemical composition related to therapeutic properties. The methanol extract (MELL) and aqueous decoction (DLL) were prepared from the L. lanceolatum aerial parts. The isolation of compound 1 was carried out using exclusion chromatography. The total polyphenolic content (TPC) was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Different HPLC methods were performed to quantify bioactive compounds in the L. lanceolatum aerial parts. The antioxidant capacity was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging method and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. In vivo carrageenan-induced mice paw oedema was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, while the evaluation of the antalgic activity was carried out by the in vivo acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Acute toxicity was performed in mice to evaluate the toxicity of methanol extract and decoction of L. lanceolatum. The aerial parts of L. lanceolatum showed a high level of total polyphenolic content with a mean value of 10168.47 ± 1117.09 mgGAE/100 g of dry weight (DW). The HPLC total bioactive compound content (TBCC) showed a value of 4181.59 ± 1485.2 mg/100 g DW. Organic acids represent 79.12% of TBCC: malic acid (45.45%), succinic acid (12.02%), and quinic acid (11.47%) are the main quantified compounds. The isolated compound 1 was quercitrin which represents 1.12% of TBCC. Isolated quercitrin and MELL potently inhibited the free radical DPPH more than DLL. MELL antioxidant capacity was confirmed by the FRAP results. MELL, as well as DLL, inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the carrageenan-induced paw oedema and the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Quercitrin was 20 times more effective than DLL to decrease the number of writhes. MELL and DLL did not demonstrate toxicity during the acute toxicity test. These results indicate that L. lanceolatum possesses strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antalgic properties thanks to phenolic compounds and organic acids, in particular quercitrin (the isolated compound) confirming the wide use of this species in the popular Malagasy medicine.
The seeds of Brochoneura acuminata (Lam.) Warb. (MYRISTICACEAE), endemic to Madagascar, are used in Malagasy traditional medicine for their wound healing virtue in the South-Eastern part of the island. Two lignans named Otobanone (1) and 1-hydroxyotobain (2) were isolated for the first time from the methanol extract. Their chemical structures were established using MS and NMR technics. The free radical DPPH scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant capacity of the methanol extract. The wound healing effect of the methanol extract was assessed on the rat dorsal created experimental wound. The methanol extract showed a potent scavenging capacity with an IC50 value of 105.31 ± 0.24 μg / mL. Topical application of both 2% (w/w) methanol extract of the seeds of B. acuminata and OFM® ointments in excision wound model significantly increased (p
Androsta-1,4-dien-3,16-dione was isolated for the first time from the plant kingdom of the ethanolic extract of the Ravenala madagascariensis’ inflorescence by the bio-guided method. Its structure was elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic data analysis. The vascular effects of ethanol extracts, fractions and androsta-1,4-dien-3,16-dione were assessed on the phenylephrine pre-contracted isolated rat aorta. The isolated compound exerted the most potent vaso-relaxing effect (EC50 = 109.32 ± 15.82 µM) than the ethanol extract and fractions. The pharmacological mechanism of its vaso-relaxing action was analysed on isolated rat aorta using free-endothelial vascular tissue, specific contracting reagents (CaCl2 and KCl), antagonist (propranolol), enzyme inhibitors (L-NAME, methylene blue) and channel blocker (glibenclamide). Its vaso-relaxing activity could be due, at least partly, to the non-specific inhibition of the calcic influx.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae family) is a perennial weed growing in tropical and subtropical areas and it is used in several herbal preparations to treat specific pathologic factors inducing pain. This work aimed to determine the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the aerial parts of this plant. The methanol extract (MEIC) was used for (i) phytochemical fingerprint by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), (ii) total phenolic content (TPC) evaluation by the Folin-Ciocalteu colourimetric method, (iii) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger spectrophotometric assay, (iv) antioxidant capacity by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, (v) analgesic activity evaluated with the acetic acid-induced writhing test, (vi) anti-inflammatory activity evaluation by carrageenan-induced paw oedema, (vii) antipyretic effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever in rats, and (viii) acute and sub-chronic toxicity in mice. The MEIC presented an average rate of TPC (1920.63 ± 360.62 mgGAE/100 g of dry weight (DW)), which is mostly represented by tannins (37.30%), organic acids (32.84%) and flavonols (10.88%). The DPPH free radical scavenger spectrometric assay showed the antioxidant capacity of the MEIC (IC50 = 192.07 ± 0.78 µg/mL) confirmed by the FRAP assay results (29.60 ± 0.55 mmol Fe2+/Kg of DW). The MEIC decreased significantly the number of writhing in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01) showing its analgesic activity; the extract inhibited the inflammation in a dose-dependent manner at the first stage (1st h, p < 0.01) and the second stage (3rd h, p < 0.001) post carrageenan induction and it demonstrated an antipyretic activity by lowering the body temperature (Tb) dose-dependently post LPS induction (i.p. route) and time-dependently at the dose of 200 mg/kg (p < 0.001) in mice. Moreover, the acute and sub-chronic toxicity in mice did not reveal any signs of toxicity and any changes in targeted biochemical and haematological parameters. The quantified phytocompounds could be at the origin of these pharmacological activities. These findings support the beneficial use of this plant to alleviate pains and fever in inflammatory or other diseases. Further studies on the isolation of the bioactive compounds and their action mechanisms should be carried out to confirm these results.
Traditional medicine plays an important role in the Malagasy health system. In Madagascar, medicinal plants are the main remedies for several diseases, especially chronic diseases. Scientific studies are performed to valorize the use of Imperata cylindrica (Ic), Uapaca bojeri (Ub), Vaccinium secondiflorum (Vs), and Ravenala madagascariensis (Rm). Ic and Ub are used to treat some inflammatory-related diseases, Vs has an anti-diabetic value, and Rm is known as an antihypertensive. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies were carried out using standard scientific models to justify their properties. Firstly, the antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and/or vasorelaxant activities of their crude methanol extracts (ME) were evaluated according to ethnomedicinal information. The ME of Ic, Ub, and Vs showed potent antioxidant activities on DPPH and FRAP methods. These species are rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and organic acids, known for their antioxidant activities. They also possess significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively, assessed on the pain model caused by acetic acid (1%) and on inflammatory edema induced by carrageenan in mice. Sitostenone was isolated as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory compound from Ic. Ub and Vs ME significantly reduced the glycemia level after 30 min of glucose loading in mice compared to glibenclamide. Androsta-1,4-dien-3,16-dione was isolated as the vasorelaxant molecule from Rm, responsible for its antihypertensive activity. These results showed that there are some scientific reasons that can justify the therapeutic properties of these plants. It is very important to investigate the local use of biodiversity to identify new bioactive compounds, to support biodiversity conservation and sustainable development projects in Madagascar.
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