Shinya Kubota

Ube Frontier University

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Norio Mishima

University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan

Shoji Nagata

University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan

Takashi Shimizu

Kobe University

Akira Ikemi

Kansai University

Tetsuya Mizoue

National Center for Global Health and Medicine

Ayako Shazuki

University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan

Hiroyuki R. Takahashi

Komazawa University

Etsuko Noda

Kyoto University

David Ryback

TES International (United States)

Hideki Takehara

Panasonic (Japan)

Cooperative Institutions

University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan

Kyushu University

Institute of Industrial Ecology

Kobe University

The University of Tokyo

National Defense Medical College

Kansai University

Mitsubishi Chemical (Japan)

Kyoto University

Chiba University

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Humanistic Psychologyaq in Japanese Corporations: Listening and the: Small Steps of Change

Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1996)

Akira Ikemi Shinya Kubota

This article discusses the advent of humanistic psychology and some of its training in Japanese corporations. The social context of such a movement is presented. Research data indicate that workers who perceive their supervisors as having strong person-centered attitudes exhibit less fatigue, depression, and anxiety than those who do not. The data point to the importance of reflecting on how we interact with others and how we may change some aspects of our behavior to create a more human environment for ourselves and others. The second part of this article discusses the effects of teaching experiential (active) listening in corporations to people in managerial positions. One study conducted by the first author is reviewed, showing increased empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness between the first and last sessions of training. Finally, some illustrations of changes in the work environment as a result of training are presented. Listening to others, if done with care, may create small steps of change toward a more human environment in work situations.

Humanistic Psychology

10.1177/00221678960361009

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Citations (10)

Relationships among Self-Management Skills, Communication with Superiors, and Mental Health of Employees in a Japanese Worksite

Industrial Health (2003)

Takashi Shimizu Tetsuya Mizoue Hiroyuki R. Takahashi Ayako Shazuki Shinya Kubota

The present study investigated relationships among self-management skills, communication with superiors, and the mental health of employees in a Japanese worksite. The subjects were manufacturing workers in a medium-sized company in Kyushu. In 1999, we mailed a selfadministrated questionnaire which included questions on age, gender, job rank, communication with superiors, a General Self-Efficacy Scale, a Self-Management Skill Scale, and the Japanese version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Eighty percent of the subjects returned the questionnaire. Excluding senior managers and insufficient answers, the final response rate was fifty-five percent. The multiple regression analysis showed that job rank contributed significantly and positively and that age, communication with superiors, and self-management skills contributed significantly and negatively to the GHQ-12. Our results implied that self-management skills might have the potential of affecting the mental health of Japanese employees.

General Health Questionnaire

10.2486/indhealth.41.335

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Citations (6)

Present conditions and problems of applying autogenic training to promote mental health in the workplace

International Congress Series (2006)

Norio Mishima Tadashi Goto Shinya Kubota Shoji Nagata

Christian ministry

10.1016/j.ics.2005.11.069

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Citations (4)

A Study of the Effects of Active Listening on Listening Attitudes of Middle Managers

Journal of Occupational Health (2004)

Shinya Kubota Norio Mishima Shoji Nagata

The present study was conducted to clarify the direct effects of active listening (AL) training given to middle managers in a local government. Altogether, 345 middle managers participated in 13 AL training sessions over two years. We developed the Inventive Experiential Learning (IEL) method, and used it as the central training method in this study. To investigate how well the participants learned AL, we asked the middle managers to answer a shorter version of the Active Listening Attitude Scale (ALAS) consisting of two subscales-i.e. "Listening Attitude" and "Listening Skill"-before training, one month after and three months after training. Altogether, 284 middle managers answered the questionnaire three times. The scores of each subscale were analyzed by repeated measurement analysis of variance. The participants were divided into three groups using the percentile values of the original sample of ALAS, i.e. low-score group (-24%), medium-score group (25-75%) and high-score group (76%-), and the proportionate changes were examined. The results showed both the "Listening Attitude" and "Listening Skill" subscales increased significantly after training. Analysis of the percentiles showed that the proportion of the low-score group decreased and that of the high-score group increased in both subscales, from one to three months after training. These changes are considered to indicate that the participants have learned AL although they attended AL training for only one day.

10.1539/joh.46.60

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Citations (42)

[The current status and problems of the in-service study group--from the viewpoint of the personnel in charge of training].

PubMed (1980)

Shinya Kubota

Service personnel

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Development of the Japanese Version of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule

Journal of UOEH (2003)

Takashi Shimizu Shiomi MORITA Masako TAKEZAWA Ayako Shazuki Shinya Kubota

職場のメンタルヘルスと自己表現スキルの関係を調べる準備調査として, 自己表現スキルの1つであるアサーティブネスを測定するRathus Assertiveness Schedule （RAS）の日本語版を作成し信頼性・妥当性を検討した. 対象は, 某製造業A社の従業員364名とアサーティブネストレーニング（AT）を受講した社会人173名とした. 方法は, AT受講者が受講前に回答した結果とATのトレーナーが客観的に受講者の自己表現を評価した結果を比較し, 日本語版RASの妥当性を検討した. また, A社従業員の回答結果から内部一貫信頼性を調べた. 次に, 同意を得られたA社社員98名に対して再度調査を行い, 再テストの信頼性を調査した. 調査結果から, 30項目全てよりも3－7, 9, 13, 19, 20, 25, 28を除く19項日の日本語版RASの方が, トレーナーの客観的評価と相関が高く, 妥当性が高いと思われた. また, クロンバッハのα係数や, 初回と2回目の結果の相関も共に0.80以上と高く, 30項目及び19項目の日本語版RASの内部一貫信頼性と再テストの信頼性は高いと考えられた. 今回の結果から, 日本人のアサーティブネスを測定するには30項目全てよりも19項目の日本語版RASの方が好ましいと考えられた.

Assertiveness

10.7888/juoeh.25.35

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Citations (7)

Relationships Among Self-Efficacy, Communication, Self-Management Skills and Mental Health of Employees at a Japanese Workplace

Journal of UOEH (2003)

Takashi Shimizu Hiroyuki R. Takahashi Tetsuya Mizoue Shinya Kubota Norio Mishima

We investigated relationships among self-efficacy, self-management skills, communication with superiors and mental health of employees at a Japanese workplace. The subjects were 426 employees in a medium-sized manufacturing company in Kyushu. In 1999, with agreement of the company, we mailed a self-administrated questionnaire which included questions on age, gender, job rank, communication with superiors, a General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES), a Self-Management Skill scale(SMS) and the Japanese version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire(GHQ-12). Eighty percent of the subjects returned the questionnaire. Excluding senior managers and insufficient answers, the final response rate was 55 percent. By multiple regression analysis, we found that job rank contributed significantly and positively, and that age, communication with superiors and self-management skills contributed significantly and negatively to the GHQ-12. Our results implied that age, job rank, communication with superiors and self-management skills would contribute to the mental health of Japanese employees.

General Health Questionnaire

Rank (graph theory)

10.7888/juoeh.25.261

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Citations (4)

Person-centered approach in occupational mental health: Theory, research and practice.

Sangyo Igaku (1992)

Akira Ikemi Shinya Kubota Etsuko Noda Sayuri Tomita Yoshiaki Hayashida

The objective of this study was to articulate the person-centered approach (PCAp) in theory and in the research and practice of occupational mental health. First, Carl Rogers' person-centered theory was reviewed. Secondly, a study on 1, 661 workers was presented in which psychological variables such as fatigue (FG), depression (DP) and anxiety (AX) were found to be negatively correlated with relationship scales concerning the workers' perception of the person-centered attitudes (PCA) of their superiors, the democratic leadership of their superiors (DEM) and the overall activation (ACT) of their worksites. Significant differences in FG, DP and AX were found among workers who perceived of their superiors as having either high or low PCA. Workers who reported that their superiors had high PCA had significantly less FG, DP and AX than those who perceived of their superiors as having low PCA. Similar results were also obtained when high DEM/low DEM and high ACT/low ACT were compared in terms of workers' FG, DP and AX. Thus, the PCA of job superiors was considered to be positively related to the mental health of workers. Thirdly, PCA training in industry was introduced and evaluated. A total of 137 trainees (managers) conducted active listening, a basic skill in the PCAp, and filled out a relationship inventory immediately afterwards, evaluating themselves as listeners and their partners as listeners. A comparison of scores between the first and last sessions of training showed significant increases in empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard at the last session in both the speakers' version and the listeners' version of the relationship inventory. Cases showing changes in human relations at work as a consequence of PCA training, reported by the trainees and confirmed by an occupational health nurse, were presented. This study showed that PCA, which is positively related to workers' mental health, can increase as a result of training. The implications of these studies are discussed and various possibilities for further research using the concepts of PCAp are presented. The authors hope that such a viewpoint in occupational mental health may lead to fruitful research and practice in the field of occupational medicine.

Congruence (geometry)

10.1539/joh1959.34.18

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Citations (18)

The Development of a Questionnaire to Assess the Attitude of Active Listening

Journal of Occupational Health (2000)

Norio Mishima Shinya Kubota Shoji Nagata

The Development of a Questionnaire to Assess the Attitude of Active Listening: Norio M ishima , et al . Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences —Interpersonal relationships are widely recognized as a major source of job stress, and a mental health training program that incorporates active listening (AL) has attracted much attention in Japan. However, few methods are available to assess the attitude of AL easily. To develop a new questionnaire that can measure workers' person‐centered attitude (PCA), which is closely related to AL, we formulated a scale of 47 items that describe basic elements of the PCA and AL. This preliminary scale was administered to 536 workers (426 male and 95 female) at two manufacturing companies. Responses to the scale items were subjected to a principal factor analysis followed by a varimax rotation. A scree test suggested three meaningful factors, whose cumulative contribution was 81.2%. These factors were subsequently labeled as “Listening Attitude”, “Listening Skill”, and “Conversation Opportunity”. Both Cronbach's alphas and test‐retest reliabilities indicated that all three factors were highly reliable. To examine the validity of the scale, factor scores of lay persons (middle‐aged workers) were compared with those of 39 clinical therapists who specialize in psychosomatic medicine. Scores for all three factors were significantly higher for the therapists than for the lay persons. Of the three factors derived from the preliminary scale, the first and second showed remarkable differences between the groups and were retained for their usefulness for evaluating AL. The new scale, the Active Listening Attitude Scale (ALAS), is expected to be a useful instrument for various mental health programs to assess the PCA.

Varimax rotation

10.1539/joh.42.111

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Citations (48)

Listener Education

SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI (2001)

Norio Mishima Shinya Kubota

産業医学では,リスナー教育は一次予防として行われるのが普通である.ここでは積極的傾聴法を中心とする研修という点から,リスナー教育の現状について報告した.傾聴は,Rogersの3条件(共感,無条件の肯定的関心,自己一致)に基づく人間尊重の態度をもって相手の話を聴くことを意味する.このような研修の必要性は幅広く解説されているが,学術的な研究論文は乏しい.このレビューでは,これまでに報告されてきたリスナー教育に関する報告について,一貫して3条件に基づいて行われる狭義のリスナー教育と,Rogersの理論とは異なる技法を組み合わせた広義のリスナー教育に分けて検討した.前者の例としては,池見らによる人間尊重の態度の重要性に関する研究があり,久保田ら,三島ら,および宮城は実際の研修について報告している.後者の例としては,森崎および浜口らは,交流分析等を含む彼等の研修を報告している.最後に,今後はリスナー教育の評価に関する研究が必要であるだけでなく,人材育成の視点から傾聴を考える必要があることも指摘した.

10.1539/sangyoeisei.kj00002552451

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