Consumers have emotional bond with the brands that are closer to their self-concept. The product involvement is consumers’ perception of relevance of a product with needs, goals and consumers’ self-concept. Therefore, the study aims to reconsider the role of product involvement in the association of self-congruence facets and emotional brand attachment. Furthermore, the study investigates the association of self-congruence facets and emotional brand attachment depending upon product type. The study followed a mixed method research approach and involved a focus group study and a survey. Hypotheses testing (through AMOS and Process Macro) indicated that ideal self-congruence yielded substantial influence on product involvement and emotional brand attachment. Whereas, ideal self-congruence direct effect on emotional brand attachment turned out to be insignificant in presence of mediator. Furthermore, the effect of product involvement on emotional brand attachment significantly depends upon product type. The conditional indirect effect of self-congruence facets was stronger for hedonic brands as compared to utilitarian brands. The study contributes to marketing literature by discovering product involvement as processing mechanism between the debate of self-congruence facets and emotional brand attachment. The study is first in nature to investigate the moderating role of product type in the relationship and exploring conditional indirect on emotional brand attachment.
Volatility clustering and asymmetry are considered as an essential element in time series data analysis for portfolio managers. This study is conducted to analyze the volatility clustering and asymmetry occurrence by employing different GARCH models. Data is collected from 11 Religion Dominant Countries (RDCs) based on daily stock returns from 2011 to 2017. The findings of the study show that volatility clustering increases the asymmetric comportment of daily stock market returns. We estimated the analytical competence of GARCH models and found that GJR-GARCH and EGARCH executed better results than GARCH (p, q) in RDCs stock markets. It also shows that GJR-GARCH and EGAECH explain the asymmetric behavior along with an accurate assessment of volatility clustering for the selected 11 RDCs stock markets. This study helps managers, investors, and corporations to make investment-related decisions.
The study aimed to address the key questions; how to deliver attractive and compelling brand experience and what could be the possible outcomes. Brand experience is likely to have an intervening role between self-congruence facets (actual self and ideal self) and orientation toward happiness. The study followed quantitative research design and positivism research philosophy based on the deductive approach and it can be categorized as a descript to-explanatory study. The data analysis involved descriptive analysis (descriptive study), structural equation modeling (online survey). The finding of the online survey supported self-congruity theory contention that, consumers generate stronger responses when their actual self-concept or ideal self-concept is consistent with the brand personality. The results confirmed that actual self-congruence and ideal self-congruence had yielded an indirect effect on orientation toward happiness through brand experience. Surprisingly, the inclusion of brand experience has turned the direct effect of self-congruence facets (on orientation toward happiness) as insignificant. The study considers actual self-congruence and ideal self-congruence as distinct predictors of the brand experience by extending beyond the prior studies. Furthermore, the study contributes to the current literature by introducing brand experience as a processing mechanism between self-congruence facets and orientation toward happiness.
Purpose Therefore, this research study investigates the impact of business environment on the performance of the business organizations. (1) To understand the importance the environment in the success of the business entrepreneurship. (2) To explore the environmental factors that can affect the success of business entrepreneurship in Pakistan. (3) To establish relationship between the environmental factors and the sustained organizational performance of business entrepreneurships in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach Drawing from the person–environment fit (PE fit) and the self-determination theory literature, this survey research study seeks to determine the impact of organizational environment upon sustained organizational economic performance. The main independent variable of the study encompasses its main three dimensions, i.e. leadership capacity, organizational culture and organizational politics. The dependent variable comprises the sustained economic performance of the organization. The research study hypothesized and tested a model in which the organizational environment (organizational culture, organizational politics and leadership) interplays with the organizational sustained performance. Findings Keeping in view the outcomes of this research work the following implications can be drawn. A leader can yield maximum productivity of employees, if he/she has leadership capacity to provide directions, skilled to minimize the stress level of the employees and able to motivate them in achieving organizational goals. Therefore, capacity of leader to handle difficult situations and develop PE fit is the key to organizational success in current scenario. The study also revealed a positive effect of organizational culture on organizational performance. The culture of the organizations provides an environment of openness to think, share and contribute toward goals of the organization. It enables employees to express themselves, develop person-organization common goals with self-determination. The PE fit provides a platform to feel free, express their feelings and opinions, and contribute in the decision-making process of organizations. The involvement in organizational activities provide a sense of responsibility, ownership and motivation to produce better results for the organizations. Originality/value PE fit perspective postulates that matching individual psychological needs and environmental supplies (provided by organization and society) generates positive attitudes and behaviors (Tepper et al. , 2018). The effect between individuals and their environment is inherently reciprocal rather than a one-way effect (Goetz et al. , 2021). The fundamental postulation support that the fit certainly improves performance, commitment and satisfaction of individuals in the context of organizations (De Cooman et al. , 2019; Rau vola et al. , 2020). Moreover, self-determination theory (SDT) is another perspective that emphasizes the attainment of autonomy, competence and relatedness in employees to outperform (Deci and Ryan, (2010). The self-determination theory revolves around the social-contextual conditions that support or obstruct the integral courses of self-motivation and psychological development, which will contribute toward organizational performance (Nazir et al. , 2021).
This research aims to establish the effects of a Unified Accounting System (UAS) on foreign investors’ trust in Pakistan's FDI decision by evaluating the accounting information’s completeness, transparency, consistency, and timeliness. A quantitative survey design was used, and the research instruments included a structured questionnaire with 27 statements about UAS and its impact on FDI. The survey was conducted on the working population of professionals in different organizations in Pakistan and adopted a minimum sample of 90 working people with a stratified random sampling method. Specifically, the study reveals a positive attitude towards implementing UAS in Pakistan, consequently maintaining compliance with international accounting standards and improving the nation’s appeal to foreign investors. The commitments underpin the need for detailed and, where possible, public and up-to-date accounting information that can contribute to a good investment environment. The paper offers significant policy implications for the Pakistani context and any underdeveloped country seeking to enhance its investment climate structures through sound accounting practices.
Collaborative language learning, followed as a language teaching and learning methodology in many countries, is often critiqued with mixed arguments. To some, while keeping in view its social aspect where learners work on common projects intending to partake in collective decision making and intellectual engagement, collaborative language learning is more productive than the traditional way of teaching and learning a second/foreign language. To others, because of different requirements for its successful implementation, collaborative language learning becomes a difficult practice where the cost exceeds the benefits. To know the problems and prospects of collaborative language learning, in the present study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews from teachers of both public and private sector schools of district Mardan. Through purposive sampling, data were collected from 40 teachers (20 each from public and private sector schools). The findings reveal that besides many positive aspects, there are some negative aspects of collaborative learning where the prominent one is the loss of an individual's authority and creativity, promotion of totalitarian approach, and overlooking of the shy students. It can be a useful tool for language education provided some requirements including teacher training, availability of proper space, and classroom size, etc. are tackled properly.
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