William G. Ambrose

Coastal Carolina University

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Michael L. Carroll

Akvaplan-niva

Paul E. Renaud

Akvaplan-niva

William L. Locke

Bates College

Lisa M. Clough

U.S. National Science Foundation

Haakon Hop

Norwegian Polar Institute

Alan D. Wanamaker

Iowa State University

Emmelie K. L. Åström

UiT The Arctic University of Norway

Stanislav G Denisenko

Zoological Institute

JoLynn Carroll

Akvaplan-niva

Gregory Henkes

Stony Brook University

Cooperative Institutions

UiT The Arctic University of Norway

Akvaplan-niva

Bates College

Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate

University of Oslo

Norwegian Polar Institute

Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung

The FRAM Centre

East Carolina University

University Centre in Svalbard

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Diversity of the arctic deep-sea benthos

Marine Biodiversity (2011)

Bodil A. Bluhm William G. Ambrose Melanie Bergmann Lisa M. Clough Andrey Gebruk

A benthic species inventory of 1,125 taxa was compiled from various sources for the central Arctic deeper than 500 m, and bounded to the Atlantic by Fram Strait. The inventory was dominated by arthropods (366 taxa), foraminiferans (197), annelids (194), and nematodes (140). An additional 115 taxa were added from the Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian Seas (GIN). Approximately half of all taxa were recorded from only 1 or 2 locations. A large overlap in taxa with Arctic shelf species supports previous findings that part of the deep-sea fauna originates from shelf species. Macrofaunal abundance, meiofaunal abundance and macrofaunal biomass decreased significantly with water depth. Robust diversity indices could only be calculated for the polychaetes, for which S, ES(20), H' and Delta+ decreased significantly with water depth, and all but ES(20) decreased slightly with latitude. Species evenness increased with depth and latitude. No mid-depth peak in species richness was observed. Multivariate analysis of the Eurasian, Amerasian and GIN Seas polychaete occurrences revealed a strong Atlantic influence, the absence of modern Pacific fauna, and the lack of a barrier effect by mid-Arctic ridges. Regional differences appear to be moderate on the species level and minor on the family level, although the analysis was confounded by a lack of methodological standardization and inconsistent taxonomic resolution. Future efforts should use more consistent methods to observe temporal trends and help fill the largest sampling gaps (i.e. eastern Canada Basin, depths >3,000 m, megafauna) to address how climate warming, and the shrinking of the perennial ice cover will alter deep-sea communities.

Benthos

Megafauna

10.1007/s12526-010-0078-4

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Citations (100)

Environmental regulation of bivalve growth in the southern Barents Sea: A combined ecological and geochemical approach

EGUGA (2009)

Michael L. Carroll Benn Johnson Gregory Henkes Kelton W. McMahon Andrey Voronkov

(1) Akvaplan-niva, Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromso, Norway, (2) Bates College, Department of Geology, Lewiston, Maine 04240, USA, (3) Bates College, Department of Biology, Lewiston, Maine 04240, USA, (4) Current Address: Smithsonian Institution, Museum Conservation Institute, MD 20746-2863, USA, (5) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Biological Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1541 USA, (6) Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia, (7) Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromso, Norway

BATES

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Growth chronology of Greenland Cockles (Serripes groenlandicus) from Bear Island, Svalbard, Norway

EGUGA (2017)

Michael L. Carroll William G. Ambrose William L. Locke Alan D. Wanamaker

Chronology

Groenlandia

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Sympagic-pelagic-benthic coupling in Arctic and Atlantic waters around Svalbard revealed by stable isotopic and fatty acid tracers

Marine Biology Research (2013)

Janne E. Søreide Michael L. Carroll Haakon Hop William G. Ambrose Else Nøst Hegseth

Abstract Stable isotope and fatty acid trophic markers (FATMs) were used to assess carbon flow and trophic structures of sympagic, pelagic and benthic communities in high-Arctic Svalbard. Three regions were sampled: Northwest Svalbard – dominated by Atlantic water (AtW) and limited seasonal sea ice; Northern Svalbard – dominated by AtW and perennial sea ice; and Northeast Svalbard – dominated by Arctic water (ArW) and extensive seasonal sea ice. Three to four trophic levels (TL) were found in the three habitats, with a dominance of omnivores (TL = 2.4–2.7). Ice fauna relied on phytoplankton and ice algae, zooplankton primarily on phytoplankton, while benthos relied on ice algae/refractory material. Ice fauna (mean 39%; range 17–62%) and benthos (mean 25%; range 11–65%) had high proportions of diatom-FATMs, while zooplankton had equally high diatom- and Phaeocystis/dinoflagellate-FATMs (mean 11% and 15%, respectively). Calanus-FATMs were prominent in carnivorous ice fauna (up to 28%) and zooplankton (up to 38%), but also in benthic invertebrates (up to 41%). Ice fauna biomass was low. Biomass of zooplankton and benthic infauna were variable, but positively correlated to each other (r 2=0.89; p<0.01) and sedimentary pigment concentrations (r 2>0.40; p<0.05). The coinciding peak biomasses of zooplankton and benthos in Northeast Svalbard can be explained by allochthonous organic matter of ice algal origin and highly specialized Arctic zooplankton utilizing both ice algae and phytoplankton carbon sources.

Benthos

10.1080/17451000.2013.775457

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Citations (115)

Combining Inupiaq and Scientific Knowledge: Ecology in Northern Kotzebue Sound, Alaska

Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks eBooks (2011)

Alex Whiting Daniel M. Griffith Stanley G. Jewett L. Clough William G. Ambrose

10.4027/ciskenksa.2011

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Citations (14)

First record of cuticle bands in the stomach ossicles of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) from Norway

Journal of Crustacean Biology (2019)

Bodil A. Bluhm Raouf Kilada William G. Ambrose Paul E. Renaud Jan H. Sundet

Abstract The red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) is a large predator intentionally introduced to the Barents Sea and adjacent fjords in the 1960s. Its establishment has given rise to both a high-value fishery and destructive effects on seafloor habitats and communities. Given the need for accurate information on age, growth, and longevity that could improve management and mitigation strategies for red king crab, developing and testing new aging methods for this and other crustaceans has been an active field of research. We contribute to this test bed by investigating cuticle bands in gastric mill ossicles of male and female red king crabs. Cuticle bands were detectable in most individuals studied and maximum cuticle band count was 13 for males (N = 62, 38–180 mm carapace length (CL)) and 9 for females (N = 34, size range 80–147 mm CL). There was large variation of size-at-band count and band count-at-size data. The number of cuticle bands generally increased with CL in male red king crabs; low sample size and small size range in females prevented seeing any trend. Exploring calcein staining in a sub-sample of the crabs suggested uptake of the stain, yet without a clearly defined mark, and showed deposition of ossicular material beyond the calcein stain in the subsequent year. We recommend research on the mechanism generating band deposition to shed light on how and when bands are formed as the basis for testing whether the cuticle bands may reflect chronological (specifically annual) age. Specifically, we recommend long-term maintenance of crabs, study of both moults and newly formed ossicle structures, as well as stringent testing of band periodicity with known-age crabs, including all size classes and both sexes.

Anomura

Cuticle (hair)

Calcein

Velvet

10.1093/jcbiol/ruz064

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Citations (3)

Landscape Ecology and the Marine Environment: How Spatial Configuration of Seagrass Habitat Influences Growth and Survival of the Bay Scallop

Oikos (1995)

E. A. Irlandi William G. Ambrose Beth Orlando

Landscape ecology includes the study of the effects of spatial patterning of habitats on biotic and abiotic processes. Seagrass beds occur in a variety of spatial configurations providing a model system to test how spatial patterning of habitats influences ecological processes. We established four replicate plots over very patchy (22% cover), patchy (70% cover), and continuous (97% cover) seagrass beds so that each plot contained approximately 100 m 2 of vegetated bottom. Fifty individually marked scallops were placed within the seagrass in each plot and their survivorship monitored over three replicate 24-h periods, and growth and survival monitored over an additional four-week period. There was no pattern in survivorship with differences in habitat configuration over the first three 24-h of the experiment. By four weeks, more scallops were lost to predation in the very patchy seagrass beds than in the patchy or continuous beds. There was a non-significant trend for increased growth of juvenile scallops with increased patchiness of the seagrass habitat. Vegetation characteristics such as shoot density, biomass, and blade length, which have been shown to affect survival of seagrass-associated invertebrates, were not significantly different among seagrass beds with different spatial configurations. Our results demonstrate that spatial patterning of the habitat, independent of structural characteristics of the seagrass, can alter rates of predation on seagrass inhabitants. This implies that habitat utilization and/or foraging strategies of predators change with the spatial patterning of the vegetation and that very patchy seagrass beds may provide habitats where transfer of secondary production to higher trophic levels is great

Spatial heterogeneity

10.2307/3546115

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Citations (185)

Arctic Bivalves as Indicators of Environmental Variation

All Days (2008)

Michael L. Carroll Stanislav G Denisenko Andrey Voronkov William G. Ambrose Gregory C. Henkes

Abstract The petroleum industry needs a basic understanding of the Arctic environment before starting exploration for hydrocarbons. In particular, understanding the magnitude and patterns of natural variability in biological populations will help gauge any potential effects of future oil and gas activities. The Arctic climate exhibits variability on several scales relevant for Arctic ecosystem processes, from seasonal changes to decadal oscillations, but the linkages to biological processes remain largely speculative, at least over longer time scales. Benthic communities may be valuable in determining the impacts of environmental variability on Arctic marine ecosystems because benthic fauna are stationary as adults and communities integrate environmental processes over long time periods. Marine bivalves, which are long-lived and comprise a large proportion of benthic communities in the Arctic, have great potential as proxies for environmental variability and concomitant biological responses. Bivalve shell growth has been shown to reflect changes in regional environmental parameters such as temperature and precipitation as well as food availability. We analyzed growth rates of the circumpolar Greenland smooth cockle, Serripes groenlandicus based on external, annually-deposited growth lines, and linked growth patterns to decadal-scale environmental variations in the Norwegian-Russian Arctic area of the Barents Sea and Svalbard. The dataset of 53 individuals spanning 117 years from 1878-1995 from different regions of the Barents Sea, Svalbard and other locations in the Russian high-Arctic is comprised of samples from Russian Arctic expeditions from the archives of the Zoological Institute (Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg). Absolute growth rates differed among regions, reflecting differences in environmental conditions, but at all sites growth had an oscillatory patterns, with several years of higher growth followed by multiple years of poorer growth. Preliminary analyses of environmental control on ecosystem structure reveal that the growth rates of bivalves in the Pechora Sea are strongly and negatively correlated to the NAO, indicating mechanisms of bio-physical coupling in the region.

Arctic ecology

Circumpolar star

Marine ecosystem

10.2118/111558-ms

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Citations (1)

A ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALEOCLIMATE ANALYSIS OF COD OTOLITHS FROM THE SANDWICK SOUTH SITE, SHETLAND ISLANDS, UK

Abstracts with programs - Geological Society of America (2018)

A. Douglas McNab Michael J. Retelle Gerald F. Bigelow William G. Ambrose

Shetland

Paleoclimatology

10.1130/abs/2018ne-311116