To understand the regulatory mechanisms of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis in specific plant developmental processes, we first investigated the accumulation profiles of BRs and sterols in xylem differentiation in a Zinnia culture. The amounts of many substances in the late C28 sterol biosynthetic pathway to campesterol (CR), such as episterol and 24-methylenecholesterol, as well as those in the BR-specific biosynthetic pathway from CR to brassinolide (BL), were elevated in close association with tracheary element differentiation. Among them, 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY) accumulated to unusually high levels within cells cultured in tracheary element-inductive medium, while castasterone (CS) was not elevated either within or outside cells. To identify the molecular basis of this co-up-regulation of BRs and C28 sterols, we isolated Zinnia genes for the key enzymes of BR biosynthesis, ZeSTE1, ZeDIM, ZeDWF4, ZeCPD1 and ZeCPD2. RNA gel blot analysis of these genes indicated a coordinated increase in transcripts for ZeSTE1, ZeDIM, ZeDWF4 and ZeCPD1, and a tracheary element differentiation-specific increase in transcripts for ZeDWF4 and ZeCPD1. In situ hybridization experiments of ZeDWF4 and ZeCPD1 mRNAs revealed their preferential accumulation in procambium cells, immature xylem cells and xylem parenchyma cells. These results suggest that BR biosynthesis during tracheary element differentiation may be regulated by the coordinated regulation of broad sterol biosynthesis and specific regulation of BR biosynthesis, which occurs in part by elevated transcript levels of genes encoding BR biosynthetic enzymes, specifically ZeDWF4 and ZeCPD1. These data provide new insights into the regulation of BR biosynthesis and BR signaling during plant development.
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We followed 54 patients who underwent curative hepatectomy for metastasis from colorectal carcinoma at the hospital from January 1990 to October 1995, and investigated their outcomes prospectively. The patients divided into three groups as hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) group (n=14) was given intermittent 5-FU at 1000mg/body via the hapatic artery for 4 hours every 2 week for over 6 week; L-5FU group (n=22) was given 2-week course of continuous 5-FU intravenous infusion at 500mg/body for 5 days a week, followed by leucovorin (30mg/body, day 1) injection; and control group (n=18) was given UFT orally. There was no significant difference in the cumulative 5-year survival rate among 3 groups which were 41% in HAI group, 46% in L-5FU group, and 36% in control group. The disease free survival period in HAI group for both of the lung (P=0.048) and multiorgan (P=0.049) was significantly longer than in control group whereas was no significant difference between L-5FU group and control group. The resection rate in HAI group (57%) for residual liver recurrence was highest among 3 groups (L-5FU group; 14%, control group; 30%). These data indicate that, although HAI and L-5FU therapies contribute little to survival period, anticancer activity for the metastasis of the lung and multiorgan as well as for multiple recurrence of the residual liver in HAI therapy can be expected.
Abstract Background The critical view of safety (CVS) method can be achieved by avoiding vasculo-biliary injury resulting from misidentification during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Although achieving the CVS has become popular worldwide, there is no established standardized technique to achieve the CVS in patients with an anomalous bile duct (ABD). We recently reported our original approach for securing the CVS using a new landmark, the diagonal line of the segment IV of the liver (D-line). The D-line is an imaginary line that lies on the right border of the hilar plate. The cystic structure can be securely isolated along the D-line without any misidentification, regardless of the existence of an ABD. We named this approach the segment IV approach in LC. Methods In this study, we adopted the segment IV approach in patients with an ABD. Results From October 2015 to June 2020, 209 patients underwent LC using the segment IV approach. Among them, three (1.4%) were preoperatively diagnosed with an ABD. The branching point of the cystic duct was the posterior sectional duct, anterior sectional duct, or left hepatic duct in each patient. The CVS was achieved in all cases without any complications. Conclusion It is a promising technique, especially even for patients with an ABD during LC.
We report unusual two cases of local recurrence of villous tumor of the rectum after a transsacral excision, in which the recurrent tumor was situated outside the mucosal layer of the rectum. We believe that the lesion resulted from the implantation of tumor cells in the surgical track. Case 1: Involved a 72-year-old woman. Previous history disclosed that she underwent excision of a rectal villous tumors 30mm in diameter via transsacral approach. Histologically it was carcinoma in adenoma. Surgical cut end was positive for adenoma. Eight years after the primary operation, a 30×30×35mm mucinous adenocarcinoma was discovered in the rectal wall accompanied with peritoneal dissemination. Case 2: A 64-year-old man. He underwent an operation of a rectal villous tumor that was 40mm in diameter by a transsacral approach. Histology confirmed a well differentiated adenocarcinoma accompanied with no evidence of invasive malignancy. Surgical cut end was negative for adenoma and carcinoma. Three years and one month after the surgery, 40×40×35mm extrarectal adenocarcinoma was detected. It is probable that tumor cells sewn into the surgical stumups in Case 1 and the implantation of tumor cell sewn into the surgical stumps in Case 1 and the implantation of tumor cell during the first operation in Case 2 was responsible for the recurrence. And it is suggested that transsacral excision for the large rectal villous tumors with long diameter have a increased risk of developing a recurrence.
Abstract Background The critical view of safety (CVS) method can be achieved by avoiding vasculo-biliary injury resulting from misidentification during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Although achieving the CVS has become popular worldwide, there is no established standardized technique to achieve the CVS in patients with an anomalous bile duct (ABD). We recently reported our original approach for securing the CVS using a new landmark, the diagonal line of the segment IV of the liver (D-line). The D-line is an imaginary line that lies on the right border of the hilar plate. The cystic structure can be securely isolated along the D-line without any misidentification, regardless of the existence of an ABD. We named this approach the segment IV approach in LC. Methods In this study, we adopted the segment IV approach in patients with an ABD. From October 2015 to June 2020, 209 patients underwent LC using the segment IV approach. Among them, three (1.4%) were preoperatively diagnosed with an ABD. Results The branching point of the cystic duct was the posterior sectional duct, anterior sectional duct, or left hepatic duct in each patient. The CVS was achieved in all cases without any complications. Conclusion The segment IV approach is useful for achieving CVS, especially even for patients with an ABD during LC.
