Lidia Redondo

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

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Andrea Patricia Villalobos

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Marc Rondy

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Andrea Vicari

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Juliana Almeida Leite

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Paula Couto

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Zaida Herrador

Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical

Olaya Astudillo

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Priscila Born

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Jairo Méndez‐Rico

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Marta Von Horoch

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare

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World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical

Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases

World Health Organization

Centro Nacional de Microbiologia

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services

Ministry of Health

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Estimating human leishmaniasis burden in Spain using the capture-recapture method, 2016–2017

PLoS ONE (2021)

Ana María Humanes-Navarro Zaida Herrador Lidia Redondo Israel Cruz Beatriz Fernández-Martínez

Leishmaniasis is endemic and a mandatory reporting disease in Spain since 1982. However, between 1996 and 2014, surveillance on public health was decentralized and only some autonomous regions monitored the disease. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of leishmaniasis and to evaluate the extent of underreporting in Spain. A capture-recapture (CRC) study was conducted to calculate the incidence of human leishmaniasis using reports from the National Surveillance Network (RENAVE) and the Hospital Discharge Records of the National Health System (CMBD) for 2016 and 2017. During the study period, 802 cases were reported to RENAVE and there were 1,149 incident hospitalizations related to leishmaniasis. The estimated incidence rates through the CRC study were 0.79 per 100,000 inhabitants for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 0.88 (cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)) and 0.12 (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL)) in 2016 and 0.86 (VL), 1.04 (CL) and 0.12 (MCL) in 2017. An underreporting of 14.7-20.2% for VL and 50.4-55.1% for CL was found. The CRC method has helped us to assess the sensitivity and representativeness of leishmaniasis surveillance in Spain, being a useful tool to assess whether the generalization of leishmaniasis surveillance throughout the Spanish territory achieves a reduction in underreporting.

Public health surveillance

Canine leishmaniasis

Disease Surveillance

10.1371/journal.pone.0259225

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Strengthening the Surveillance and Response to Public Health Events with a One Health approach: a perspective from 12 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean

The Journal of Infectious Diseases (2025)

Angel Rodríguez Paula Couto Alejandra Acevedo Belsy Acosta Herrera Olaya Astudillo

Caribbean region

10.1093/infdis/jiae629

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Pandemic preparedness: analyzing national plans for respiratory pathogen pandemics in the Americas region

The Journal of Infectious Diseases (2025)

Andrea Patricia Villalobos Iyanna Wellington Shoa Moosavi Adelina Alcorta Garza Ángel Rodríguez

Abstract Background The International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR), requires that States Parties develop their capacities to detect, assess, and respond to public health threats and report to the World Health Assembly through the States Parties Annual Report (SPAR). The National Pandemic Preparedness and Response Plans (PPRP) contribute to countries capacities however there are some discrepancies between both tools. To identify gaps and define priority actions to strengthen pandemic plans, we assessed the concordance between national pandemic preparedness and response plans for respiratory pathogens against the pandemic checklist published in 2023 and the SPAR. Methods In this retrospective, semi-quantitative study, conducted in August 2024, we reviewed the most recent respiratory pandemic plans for 35 PAHO member states and assessed their concordance with (1) actionable guidelines in the World Health Organization pandemic checklist and (2) IHR (2005) core capacities using the latest SPAR tool. We developed 25 tracking questions to identify gaps, strengths, and opportunities for improvement in the pandemic plans, using the pandemic checklist built on the capacities and capabilities described in the WHO’s Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) Module 1. We used a five-point scale (from 1, when the subcomponent was not mentioned, to 5, when the subcomponent was described at all levels), and we calculated the average pandemic plans score (PP score) for each component. Data from pandemic plans (2005–2024) were compiled, selected, analyzed, and scored. We compared the average SPAR score and the PP score to assess areas of convergence and variance between preparedness and capacities. The analysis was carried out using R and Excel. Results We analyzed 35 respiratory pandemic plans: 29 were influenza-specific, five were COVID-19-specific, and one was not pathogen-specific. Most current national plans showed limited alignment with the content recommended in the PRET pandemic checklist. At regional level, the lowest concordance between plans and pandemic checklist was in the following subcomponents Public Health and Social Measures (80% of the plans had a score of 1); Emergency, Logistics and Supply Chain Management (74%); and Research and Development (71%). Conversely, the strongest subcomponents (≥40% of plans with a score of 4 or 5) were: Policy, Legal, and Normative Instruments (45%); Coordination (46%); and Surveillance: early detection and assessment (43%). In most countries, the SPAR scores tended to be higher than PP scores, except for Argentina (the newest plan reviewed) for which the pattern was reversed, and the PP scores exceeded the SPAR scores. Conclusion Given the gaps identified between current plans and the global standards espoused by the PRET Module 1 initiative, it is recommended that countries build on the strengths of their national pandemic preparedness and response plans and update them using PRET module 1. This will support countries advance the capacities required by the IHR.

Preparedness

Pandemic

Concordance

Resilience

10.1093/infdis/jiaf047

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Approaching onchocerciasis elimination in Equatorial Guinea: Near zero transmission and public health implication

Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2024)

Policarpo Ncogo Ana Hernández-González Thuy‐Huong Ta‐Tang Lidia Redondo Ana Álvarez

Abstract Background Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are endemic in Equatorial Guinea with notable variations in disease incidence between island and mainland regions. Historically, efforts to control and map these diseases were concentrated in Bioko Island, where loiasis is absent, allowing for targeted onchocerciasis interruption strategies. With the cessation of onchocerciasis transmission on Bioko and no reported cases on Annobon island, assessing the transmission status in the previously unaddressed mainland region has become imperative. Mapping efforts in mainland Equatorial Guinea have proven low to moderate level of transmission for LF and onchocerciasis, although the results so far have not been very conclusive. The current study aims to update the prevalence estimates for onchocerciasis and LF in mainland Equatorial Guinea using various diagnostic techniques. Methods This is the first cross-sectional study carried out to estimate the prevalence of onchocerciasis and LF in the mainland area of Equatorial Guinea, from September to December 2019, based on the combination of skin snip biopsies, thick blood smears, laboratory serological tests (ELISA tests for the detection of IgG4 antibodies against Onchocerca volvulus recombinant antigen Ov16 and Wuchereria bancrofti recombinant antigen Wb123) and molecular laboratory tests. Frequencies and prevalence rates, along with 95% confidence intervals for interval estimation of a binomial proportion, were computed. Results The overall onchocerciasis seroprevalence calculated for the study was 0.3% (95% CI : 0.1 to 0.5%). Microscopic examination of skin biopsies from the eight individuals seropositive for Ov16, out of the 3951 individuals initially tested, revealed no O. volvulus microfilariae. However, DNA extracted from one skin snip was successfully amplified, with subsequent sequencing confirming the presence of O. volvulus . Among the 3951 individuals, 182 were found to have anti-Wb123 antibodies, suggesting exposure to W. bancrofti , with an estimated seroprevalence of 4.6% (95% CI : 4.0 to 5.3%). Microscopy and Filaria-real time-PCR (F-RT-PCR) analysis for W. bancrofti were negative across all samples. Conclusions The findings indicate that onchocerciasis may no longer constitutes a public health problem in Equatorial Guinea, positioning the country on the verge of achieving elimination. Additionally, the mapped prevalence of LF will facilitate the formulation of national strategies aimed at eradicating filariases countrywide. Graphical Abstract

Lymphatic Filariasis

Seroprevalence

Microfilaria

10.1186/s40249-024-01254-9

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