Isothermal and non-isothermal pearlite transformations under 840°C warm-rolled and 950°C hot-rolled were researched. It was found that the pearlite nuclei at grain boundary and defects were increased by warm deformation. The results showed that the incubation time was shortened in the isothermal pearlite transformation and the volume fraction of pearlite was increased in continuous cooling condition by warm deformation. The pearlite transformation behaviour under continuous cooling condition was predicted by the formula of Umemoto. The critical cooling rates of the fully pearlite structures formed under warm deformation condition and hot deformation condition were calculated.
This work investigates the influence of a single tensile preload, applied prior to fatigue testing, on the fatigue strength of 316L stainless steel parts manufactured using laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) with a porosity of up to 4 %. The specimens were produced in both the horizontal and vertical build directions and were optionally preloaded to 85 % and 110 % of the yield strength before conducting the fatigue tests. The results indicate a clear tendency of improved fatigue life and fatigue limit with increasing overload in both cases. The fatigue limits increased by 25.8 % and 24.6 % for the horizontally and vertically built specimens, respectively. Extensive modelling and experiments confirmed that there was no significant alteration in the shape and size of the porosity before and after preloading. Therefore, the observed enhancement in fatigue performance was primarily attributed to the imposed local compressive residual stresses around the defects.
Purpose This study aims to investigate the new connotations, key antecedents, outcomes and contingency factors of value-based selling (VBS) in the context of business to business (B2B) industrial marketing. Design/methodology/approach This study develops a comprehensive conceptual framework of VBS by analyzing and synthesizing the existing literature on VBS and associated solutions. Findings The paper describes the research streams of VBS; proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework consisting of the factors influencing VBS at the organizational, individual, customer and environmental levels, together with 12 research propositions; and provides an agenda for future research. Research limitations/implications The paper is conceptual; empirical studies are required for examining the suggested propositions and agenda. Practical implications VBS is a process-oriented sales approach that involves multiple value creation and plays a crucial role in industrial solution selling. The successful implementation of VBS depends on the micro-foundations of an organization’s dynamic capabilities and considers the influence of individual, customer and environmental factors. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to introduce value co-creation and dynamic capability theory into VBS research in the context of industrial marketing. It discusses the antecedents, outcomes and contingency factors of VBS in detail in the form of a comprehensive research framework and proposes a future research agenda. These discussions expand the theoretical research on VBS and provide useful implications for B2B marketing practice.
Rapidly growing cities often struggle with insufficient green space, although information on when and where more green space is needed can be difficult to collect. Big data on the density of individuals in cities collected from mobile phones can estimate the usage intensity of urban green space. Taking Zhengzhou’s central city as an example, we combine the real-time human movement data provided by the Baidu Heat Map, which indicates the density of mobile phones, with vector overlays of different kinds of green space. We used the geographically weighted regression (GWR) method to estimate differentials in green space usage between weekdays and weekends, utilizing the location and the density of the aggregation of people with powered-up mobile phones. Compared with weekends, the aggregation of people in urban green spaces on workdays tends to vary more in time and be more concentrated in space, while the highest usage is more stable on weekends. More importantly, the percentage of weekday green space utilization is higher in small parks and green strips in the city, with the density increasing in those small areas, while the green space at a greater distance to the city center is underutilized. This study validates the potential of applying Baidu Heat Map data to provide a dynamic perspective of green space use, and highlights the need for more green space in city centers.
The purpose of this article is to explore the possibility of sustainable design in coastal areas. The objective is to deal with the global issue of marine pollution, design to verify the future possibilities of sustainable design, and provide excellent opportunities for innovation. Based on the sustainable design methodology and product-service system design concept, the article explores the actual needs of large retail businesses in coastal areas in the process of development and transformation and proposes design directions and optimization for existing problems from the three dimensions of economic benefits, ecological balance and social equity in product-service system design theory. Conclusion Through the construction of the "The seashore" case system, we provide a practical and feasible method to solve the shoreline sustainability and provide support for the future sustainable design of coastal areas based on the concept of product and service system design.
From the perspective of value co-creation, customers become value co-creators.Many companies encourage customer participation in order to create value and improve satisfaction, but at present there is no consensus on whether customer participation will lead to customer satisfaction.This article uses smart phones as an example to answer the impact of different types of customer participation in value co-creation behavior on their satisfaction through three sets of scenario simulation experiments.The research results show that Information-providing customer participation has the smallest increase in satisfaction, cooperative development is moderate, and joint decision-making improved the largest extent, this article provides empirical evidence for exploring the relationship between customer participation in value co-creation and satisfaction.
This work systematically analyzes and optimizes the process of electron beam melting for pure copper. It is shown that, for reliable manufacturing, the preheating temperature should be optimized to avoid porosity as well as part deformation. The electron beam should be fully focused to prevent shrinkage voids (correlated to negative defocusing) and material spattering (linked to positive defocusing). Smoother surfaces from lower hatch spacing (e.g., 100µm) can improve the density reliability, while longer overhangs are reached by a higher hatch spacing. A suitable starting contour strategy is also applied to mitigate border porosities, reduce side roughness and increase geometric precision.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
