ABSTRACT Skeletal deformities are frequent problems in cultured fish populations due mainly to unfavorable abiotic conditions, inappropriate nutrition, and genetic factors. These may cause erratic swimming, decrease of conversion rate, growth, and market value. The aim of this case report was to present the occurrence of deformities in juvenile cobia and groupers from an offshore marine farm in Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil. Nine cobias and seven juvenile groupers, that presented deformities, were euthanized and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. They were tagged, processed, and stained with "Alcian Blue" (AB) and "Alizarin Red-S" (ARS) for visualization of cartilage and bone tissue, respectively. After evisceration, radiographic examination was performed. The deformities observed in cobia were atrophy of the operculum, disorganization of the gill lamellae, deformity of the lower jaw, kyphosis, and scoliosis. Groupers presented lower jaw deformity and saddleback syndrome. The farm studied in this case report had poor management standards, fed commercial feed for freshwater herbivorous fish and cooked sardines, high inbreeding and absence of adequately trained professionals to manage these species. The sum of these factors must have directly influenced the appearance of these deformities. It is necessary to control this situation to minimize the incidence of malformations that have economic impacts to farmers.
The role of dermal mast cells (DMC) in the host resistance to ticks has been studied but it is not totally explained yet. Studies have proposed that zebuine cattle breeds, known as highly resistant to ticks, have more DMC than taurine breeds. In the present study, we compared the number of adult female ticks Boophilus microplus and the mast cells' countings in the skin of F(2) crossbred Gir x Holstein cattle, before and after tick infestation. F(2) crossbred cattle (n = 148) were divided into seven groups and artificially infested with 1.0 x 10(4) B. microplus larvae and, 21 days afterwards, adult female-fed ticks attached to the skin were counted. Skin biopsies were taken and examined under light microscopy with a square-lined ocular reticulum in a total area of 0.0625 mm(2) in both the superficial and deep dermis. Results demonstrated that infested F(2) crossbred cattle acquired resistance against the cattle-tick B. microplus probably associated to an increase in the dermal mast cell number. It is concluded that the tick infestation may lead to an environmental modification in the dermis of parasitized hosts due to the massive migration of mast cells or their local proliferation.
Background: Axial pattern flaps use direct cutaneous arteries to enable closure of a skin defect using a large skin segment. Caudal epigastric axial pattern flaps are highly versatile owing to their wide arc of rotation, which includes the preputial area. The presence of abundant loose and elastic skin allows wider flaps. Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells with aggressive local behavior and high metastatic rate; the lungs are the most common site of metastasis. This case report aims to describe the use of a caudal epigastric artery-based flap, with preservation of some cranial epigastric artery branches for penis sparing, following resection of a hemangiosarcoma in the right inguinal region of a male dog.Case: An eight-year-old male Pitt Bull dog was referred with a 15 cm, ulcerated hemangiosarcoma in the right inguinal region, near the prepuce. A similar tumor had been removed from the same location two years before. Previous treatment with oral prednisone did not provide satisfactory results. The patient was suffering from intense chronic blood loss andbacterial infection of the tumor tissue. Thoracic radiographs revealed multiple metastatic nodules. Only mild regenerative anemia was found in blood tests. Considerable reductions in tumor size and in the ulcerated surface, decrease in bleeding, and recovery of appetite were observed after 7 days of administration of piroxicam and cephalexin. Surgical resectionof the tumor was performed as a palliative treatment with a minimal safety margin of 2 cm, which spared the penis. An epigastric skin flap incorporating the second mammary gland was performed preserving branches of cranial epigastric arteries, and was rotated 160° to cover the defect created in the right inguinal region and on the body of the penis. A small suture dehiscence, necrosis of the distal border of the flap, seroma, and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli infection were observed in the postoperative period. Administration of penicillin V and topical collagenase, placement of a passive drain, and a second surgical procedure to correct the dehiscence were necessary to solve postoperative complications. Piroxicam based metronomic chemotherapy was maintained continuously, as the patient would exhibit worsening of overall condition upon discontinuation of medication. One hundred days after the initial presentation, the animal was euthanized owing to the presence of an osteolytic lesion on the vertebral bodies of L3-L4 and L5-L6, which were suggestive of discosponlylitis or axial bone metastasis.Discussion: Since lung metastases were present, penectomy and uretrostomy were not considered an option, and a pallia tive surgical treatment was performed. In this case report, cranial and caudal epigastric flap presented few complications. Caudal epigastric blood vessels are robust and abundant. Distal necrosis was considered a minor complication and was in accordance with others reports. The multidrug resistant infection was considered a nosocomial infection that arised from a long hospital stay. By inhibiting cyclooxygenase, piroxicam decreases angiogenesis, increases apoptosis, and prolongs disease-free intervals with mild toxicity. An excellent response to preoperative administration of piroxicam was crucial when choosing the postoperative protocol. A signifcant tumor size reduction and a decrease in chronic bleeding associated to improvement in general health were observed with the piroxicam-based treatment. To our knowledge, this is the frst report of a mixed (cranial and caudal) epigastric artery skin flap. This type of flap was considered a good option for correction of large defects in the inguinal region and for preservation of the prepuce and penis.Keywords: hemangiosarcoma, cranial, caudal, penis, sparing.
The use of antibiotics grown promoter has been banned, due led problems with drug residues in animal products and increased bacterial resistance. For several reasons there is a growing interest in the scientific community in immunoglobulin Y as antibiotic alternative and their oral administration in the polyclonal antibody (pAb) format, to maintain animal health and performance, do not require IgY purification for large-scale production, resulting in protein impurities and high concentration of biotin in the samples. The signal amplification through non-covalent interaction of biotin with streptavidin has been extensionally used by many laboratories for several diagnosis diseases and scientific research in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, the riches sources of biotin as egg yolk, leading to high biotin concentrations in samples, harming the accuracy of diagnostic and proteins concentrations tests. This study aimed to evaluate the biotin influence on measurement of Immunoglobulin Y in egg yolk freeze dried samples from immunized laying hens by immunoassays using biotin-avidin/streptavidin. The IgY concentration changed down in immunoassays using biotin-avidin/streptavidin. The detection of IgY in yolk samples by ELISA using streptavidin–biotin binding as part of the assay methodology requires some technology to neutralize high concentration of biotin on sample or more steps beyond delipidation to isolate the target protein. Otherwise, an ELISA without the use of streptavidin-biotin binding would be more advisable to avoid biotin and targets protein relationship and prevent biotin interference on results.
The use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) is banned because of problems associated with drug residues in animal products and increased bacterial resistance. The immunization of chickens with specific antigens is a promising strategy for generating specific antibodies that can target a wide range of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and can be used as an alternative to antibiotics. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies in a polyclonal antibody (pAb) format, when administered orally, modulate the ruminal microbiome and maintain animal health and performance; however, there are concerns pertaining to protein impurities and biotin concentrations in the samples. Signal amplification strategies involving the noncovalent interaction of biotin with streptavidin is extensively used in diagnosis and scientific research, particularly in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). However, the high concentrations of biotin in samples, especially in those derived from rich sources such as egg yolk, can pose challenges and potentially harm the accuracy of diagnostic tests and protein concentration measurements. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of biotin on the measurement of IgY in freeze-dried egg yolk samples obtained from immunized laying hens using immunoassays with biotin-avidin/streptavidin. The detection of IgY in yolk samples using ELISA with streptavidin-biotin binding could lead to misdiagnosis due to biotin interference; the level of interference varies with the specific assay conditions and the concentration of biotin in the yolk samples. An ELISA without streptavidin-biotin binding is advisable to avoid interactions between biotin and target proteins, prevent biotin interference with the results, and achieve more reliable and accurate results.
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the association between biologic behavior and survival time of dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) with prognostic indicators. This prospective and longitudinal study followed 37 dogs with MCT. We correlated clinical factors (age, gender, time of onset, number of lesions, ulceration, tumor size, lymph node and distant metastasis, recurrence rate, and survival time) with histologic grading, immunohistochemical staining for Ki67 (samples were classified as > 23 or ≤ 23 cells positive cells/5 high-power fields) and tyrosine-protein kinase KIT pattern (cytoplasmic or membranous). The comparison between clinical data and prognostic factors was assessed individually for each variable. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression compared variables to outcome. The survival functions were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. There was a significant correlation between high-grade MCT and occurrence of lymph node and distant metastasis and recurrence (p < 0.05). Recurrence was also correlated with grade II and III MCTs (p = 0.03). Kappa coefficient revealed considerable agreement with significant correlation between Ki67 and KIT (p = 0.03). There was no significant association between Ki67 or KIT pattern and histologic grading or survival time. The mean overall survival time of dogs with high-grade tumors was 279 days and significantly shorter than those with low-grade (406 days) (p = 0.03). This study suggests that two-tier histologic grading is a reliable prognostic factor for dogs with MCT. KIT pattern and Ki67 index may act in association with histologic grade for the screening of these patients.
An inflammatory process was induced by intratendinous injection of bacterial collagenase into the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of the left thoracic limb of 10 horses. One week later, the tendons in five of the horses (group 1) were treated with glycosaminoglycan polysulphate (GAGPS), and the tendons of the other five (group 2) were treated with saline solution. The horses were euthanased 150 days after the collagenase injections, and samples of the SDFTs were frozen at -14 degrees C, sectioned at 5 to 7 mum longitudinally and transversely, and stained by the picrosirius red method. Morphometric analysis was used to quantify the organised and disorganised bundles of collagen in the samples from groups 1 and 2. Significantly more organised bundles of collagen were observed in the tendons treated with GAGPS.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal genetic disease characterized by progressive muscle degeneration that usually had been used the Golden Retriever as a model for studying the disease (GRMD - Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy). A total of 16 male dystrophic Golden Retrievers dogs between 5 to 51 months of age were examined in the present study. The animals were classified as dystrophic according to two simultaneous complementary criteria: genotypic analysis and serum creatine kinase levels. The macroscopic abnormalities of the different organs and tissues and histopathological features were described using hematoxylin-eosin. The lesions in the skeletal muscles associated with the digestive problems resulted in cachexia with different intensities in all the dystrophic dogs. Cardiac muscle involvement was found in 87,5% of the GRMD dogs resulting, however, in cardiac failure in only 18,8% of the animals. The musculature of the diaphragm was hypertrophic in all affected animals resulting in progressive respiratory muscle weakness and at later stages in respiratory failure (81,25%). The liver abnormalities found in dystrophic dogs were originated mainly from heart disease and developed progressively. Hyperemia of mucosa and granular material indicated changes in the functioning and emptying of bladder. The germinative lineage cells presented moderate to severe degeneration probably due to degeneration of the scrotum and cremaster muscle which prevented the proper thermo-regulation of the testicle. Our results highlight the fact that there is significant impairment of the cardiac, respiratory and skeletal muscle systems in GRMD dogs since the age of five months. In addition, significant alterations of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary and reproductive systems are indicating the presence of degenerative lesions in the smooth musculature.
ABSTRACT: Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is the most representative model for studying Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in humans, owing its phenotypic expression. DMD is a recessive disorder linked to the X chromosome in which the loss of dystrophin induces progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal and cardiac muscles, which lead to replacement by connective and adipose tissues. Onset of clinical signs occurs between 2 and 5 years of age, and many patients die from heart or respiratory failure. The main studies concerning dystrophic Golden Retrievers (DGR) sought to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and its clinical implications to develop therapies and alternative treatments to improve the quality of life and increase longevity of DMD patients. This review presents an overview of relevant contributions of the DGR model for elucidating DMD in humans.
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