Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a triester of phosphoric acid and phenol.It is commonly used as a fire-retarding agent and plasticizer for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate.The present study was an attempt to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of TPP.The study was carried out in two groups i.e. control and treatment.The treatment group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment.The control and treated samples of TPP were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy.XRD study revealed the decrease in crystallite size (6.13%) of treated TPP that might be due to presence of strains and increase in atomic displacement from their ideal lattice positions as compared to control sample.DSC thermogram of treated TPP showed the increase in melting temperature (1.5%) and latent heat of fusion (66.34%) with respect to control.TGA analysis showed the loss in weight by 66.79% in control and 47.96% in treated sample.This reduction in percent weight loss suggests the increase of thermal stability in treated sample as compared to control.FT-IR and UV spectroscopic results did not show the alteration in the wavenumber and wavelength of FT-IR and UV spectra, respectively in treated TPP with respect to control.Altogether, the XRD and DSC/TGA results suggest that biofield treatment has the impact on physical and thermal properties of treated TPP.
Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) roots are used in Ayurveda for treating inflammatory diseases. Generally poor oral bioavailability is a major problem associated with herbal drugs.To develop a phospholipid complex of rotenoid-rich fraction (RRF) and evaluate its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and pharmacokinetic study.RRF was prepared from a 70% ethanol extract of B. diffusa roots. This RRF was complexed with phosphatidylcholine by refluxing in 70% ethanol. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of RRF-PC and RRF was determined using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method, at a dose equivalent to 100 mg/kg p.o. of RRF. Edema volume was calculated at 3 and 5 h. The plasma concentration of boeravinone B was estimated in rats at a same dose level. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 36 h.(1)H and (31)P NMR spectra of RRF-PC showed up-field shift of protons of the (+)N(CH3)3 group (3.37 → 3.23) and the phosphorus atom (-1.26 → -1.57 ppm), respectively, which confirmed phospholipid complex formation between phosphatidylcholine [PO4 and (+)N(CH3)3 groups] and phytoconstituents by hydrogen bonding. The RRF-PC showed significantly enhanced in vivo anti-inflammatory activity (64%) as compared with RRF (48%) and ibuprofen (50%) at 5 h (p < 0.001). Furthermore, detected plasma concentration of boeravinone B was two times higher in RRF-PC (75 ng/mL) as compared with RRF (40 ng/mL).The present study demonstrated an increased anti-inflammatory potential and higher plasma level of boeravinone B in lipid-based formulation (RRF-PC) as compared with RRF.
Curcumin, a prominent constituent of the rhizome of Curcuma longa L., possesses versatile biological properties, which is evidenced from the extensive research during the last half century. Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities and thus has potential against various malignant diseases, such as allergies, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and other chronic illnesses. In the last decade it has been much explored and various synthetic analogues have been prepared and evaluated for various pharmacological activities that render it as a lead molecule against several biological targets. To accelerate this lead molecule from kitchen to clinic, around 65 clinical trials are underway worldwide to assess its therapeutic potential. Thus, there is continued interest in the synthesis of new curcumin analogues with a similar safety profile, but increased activity and improved oral bioavailability. The present review article describes recent developments in curcumin chemistry with emphasis on the semi-synthesis, synthesis pharmacological properties and SAR of various curcumin analogues reported from 1994 to mid 2013.
Raloxifene (RX) in the presence of liver microsomes and glutathione (GSH) has shown oxidative bioactivation to reactive intermediates that are conjugated by GSH. L-Ergothioneine (ET) is a naturally occurring sulfhydryl amino acid, similar to GSH, derived from dietary sources with antioxidant properties and reported to accumulate in high concentrations in animals and humans. We hypothesized that ET may have detoxification/conjugation properties similar to GSH. Using rat and human liver microsomes and mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human hepatocytes, a novel ergothioneine conjugate of raloxifene (RX-ET) (M1) was identified by mass spectrometry. The RX-ET conjugate was further scaled up in rat liver microsomes, isolated, and characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR to confirm the structure. A single RX-ET conjugate was characterized and the site of ET conjugation was identified at the C-17 position of RX. The in vivo relevance of this unique conjugate was also established through metabolism studies in intact and bile duct cannulated rats, both untreated and pretreated with ET. In general, the RX-ET conjugate was found in trace amounts in plasma and urine, but in higher concentrations in bile and feces. The major elimination pathway of RX-ET was through biliary elimination. In rats that were pretreated with ET prior to RX administration, significantly larger quantities of ET and RX-ET conjugate were found in in vivo samples. Lastly, these studies suggest that ET conjugation is an additional pathway for scavenging reactive species arising from xenobiotics and may potentially reduce drug-related toxicities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Ergothioneine is well known for its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. This study identifies its role in conjugating the reactive species arising from the bioactivation of raloxifene in vitro and in vivo suggesting that ergothioneine may act as an additional conjugation pathway similar to glutathione in the disposition of reactive centers or metabolites of xenobiotics.
Ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride are the white crystalline solid inorganic compounds having wide application in synthesis and analytical chemistry. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of inorganic salt like ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride. The study was performed in two groups of each compound i.e., control and treatment. Treatment groups were received Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Subsequently, control and treated groups were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectrum of treated ammonium acetate showed the shifting in wavenumber of vibrational peaks with respect to control. Like, the N-H stretching was shifted from 3024-3586 cm-1 to 3033-3606 cm-1, C-H stretching from 2826-2893 cm-1 to 2817-2881 cm-1, C=O asymmetrical stretching from 1660-1702 cm-1 to 1680-1714 cm-1, N-H bending from 1533-1563 cm-1 to 1506-1556 cm-1 etc. Treated ammonium chloride showed the shifting in IR frequency of three distinct oscillation modes in NH4 ion i.e., at ν1, 3010 cm-1 to 3029 cm-1; ν2, 1724 cm-1 to 1741 cm-1; and ν3, 3156 cm-1 to 3124 cm-1. The N-Cl stretching was also shifted to downstream region i.e., from 710 cm-1 to 665 cm-1 in treated ammonium chloride. UV spectrum of treated ammonium acetate showed the absorbance maxima (λmax) at 258.0 nm that was shifted to 221.4 nm in treated sample. UV spectrum of control ammonium chloride exhibited two absorbance maxima (λmax) i.e., at 234.6 and 292.6 nm, which were shifted to 224.1 and 302.8 nm, respectively in treated sample. Overall, FT-IR and UV data of both compounds suggest an impact of biofield treatment on atomic level i.e., at force constant, bond strength, dipole moments and electron transition energy between two orbitals of treated compounds as compared to respective control.
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