The recoveries of vanadium, chromium, and titanium are much low in the current process of high-chromium vanadium–bearing titanomagnetite. The gas-based direct reduction followed by melting separation process was proposed because the valuable elements including iron, vanadium, chromium, and titanium can be utilized simultaneously and all the recoveries should increase. The melting separation study was carried out in the present work, and the behavior as well as mechanism during melting separation process was investigated. The effect of temperature on the melting separation kinetic was more considerable than thermodynamic. As increased basicity, the area of liquid phase was enlarged and the solubility of Al2O3 in slag was increased. The main mineral in separation slag was anosovite (MgTi2O5), besides a small number of pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5), perovskite (CaTiO3), and spinel (Ca3Al2O6). The melting separation was improved by the increasing C/O, temperature, time, additive of CaF2, and basicity. The rational melting separation parameters for high-chromium vanadium–bearing titanomagnetite contained a C/O of 1.2, a melting temperature of 1625°C, a melting time range of 40–50 min, an additive CaF2 of 2%, and a basicity of 1.1. Under these conditions (melting time of 50 min), the melting separation was achieved successfully. Both the titanium-bearing slag together with the iron containing vanadium and chromium was obtained. The recoveries of Fe, V, Cr, and TiO2 could reach around 99%, 97%, 92%, and 94%, respectively; and the mass fraction of Fe, V, Cr, and TiO2 were 93.50%, 0.90%, 0.69%, and 37.52%, respectively.
Abstract Based on the fundamental characteristics of high chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite (HCVTM), the effects of roasting temperature and roasting time on the phase transition and oxidation consolidation during the oxidation were investigated systematically. It was shown that the oxidation of HCVTM pellet was not a simple process but complex. With increasing roasting temperature and time, the compressive strength of oxidized pellet was improved. The phase transition during oxidation was hypothesized to proceed as follows: (1) Fe 3 O 4 → Fe 2 O 3 ; (2) Fe 2.75 Ti 0.25 O 4 → Fe 9 TiO 15 + FeTiO 3 → Fe 9 TiO 15 + Fe 2 Ti 3 O 9 ; (3) Fe 2 VO 4 → V 2 O 3 → (Cr 0.15 V 0.85 ) 2 O 3 ; (4) FeCr 2 O 4 → Cr 2 O 3 → Cr 1.3 Fe 0.7 O 3 + (Cr 0.15 V 0.85 ) 2 O 3 . The oxidation consolidation process was divided into three stages: (1)oxidation below 1,173 K; (2) recrystallization consolidation at 1,173 – 1,373 K; (3) particle refining recrystallization-consolidation by the participation of liquid phase at 1,373 – 1,573 K. To obtain the HCVTM oxidized pellet with good quality, the rational roasting parameters included a roasting temperature of 1,573 K and a roasting time of 20 min.
Objective
To investigate the application of 3-D scanning in the diagnosis and evaluation of pectus excavatum.
Methods
From July 2016 to June 2017, chest CT concomitant 3-D scanning were performed in 90 pectus excavatum patients before Nuss procudure. Another 30 cases underwent chest CT scanning for non-chest deformity causes were chosen as a control group. The transverse and anterior-posterior maximum diameter through the deepest point of chest wall deformity were measured. The surface topography index and Haller index were calculated respectively.
Results
There was a positive correlation between CT and 3-D scanning diameters of the transverse and anterior-posterior maximum diameters, and consistency rates were 94% and 82%, respectively. There was significant difference between pectus excavatum group 1.82±0.21 and control group 1.41±0.07 in the STI(P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between Haller index 5.12±3.36 and STI 1.82±0.21, and consistency rate was 89%. The Delong's test showed no significant difference between ROC of HI and STI(Z=1.18, P=0.28).
Conclusion
3-D scanning and STI of pectus excavatum is a validated alternative for CT and Haller index, especially in the infant and non-surgical treatment PE cases.
Key words:
Pectus excavatum Evaluation Three dimensions scanning Surface topography Index
Metallurgical coke is an important raw material for blast furnaces. Specifically, temperature and CO2 significantly affect its metallurgical behavior. In this study, the influence of temperature and CO2 on the high-temperature behavior of three metallurgical coke samples, used in blast furnaces of different volumes, was investigated. The carbon structure and pore structure of the coke samples were analyzed. The results indicated that as the temperature increased from 1100 to 1500 °C, the weight loss ratio increased 10-fold and the drum strength decreased to approximately 80% in Ar. Under a CO2 atmosphere, as the temperature increased from 1100 to 1300 °C, the reactivity index increased from 20 to 70%, and the strength after reaction exhibited the lowest value of 40% at 1250 °C. When the temperature increased from 1100 to 1500 °C, the stacking height of the layer structure Lc of the coke samples increased to ∼5.5 nm. Under the influence of CO2 and temperature, the Lc of the coke samples increased to approximately 4 nm between 1100 and 1300 °C. Furthermore, CO2 slightly affected the carbon structure. The changes in pores under the influence of CO2 and temperature were greater than those under the influence of temperature between 1100 and 1300 °C. Typically, the strength of coke is high when the pore number, roundness, and porosity are low. The strength and microstructure parameters of the coke samples were correlated via multiple regression. The results of the multiple regression showed that the carbon structure and pore number had the highest impact on coke strength, followed by roundness and porosity.
Abstract High iron bauxite ore is a typical unmanageable polyparagenetic resource and owns high comprehensive utilization value. Separation of iron from fine particles of high iron bauxite ore by the process of metallized reduction and magnetic dressing was researched systemically. The effect of magnetic field intensity, reduction temperature, reduction time, mole ratio of fixed carbon to reducible oxygen (FC/O) and ore particles size on separation indexes was researched. The results show that, with the conditions of reduction temperature of 1,400 °C, reduction time of 180 min, FC/O of 2.0, ore particle size of –2.0 mm and magnetic field intensity of 40 KA/m, about 89.24 % of the iron could be removed from high iron bauxite ore as metallic iron. Meanwhile, 86.09 % of the aluminum is stayed in non-magnetic fraction as alumina. However, the formation of hercynite (FeAl 2 O 4 ) limits the reduction rate of iron oxides to metallic iron. The lower reduction conditions and higher recovery ratio of iron could be achieved with adopting ore-coal composite agglomerates or adding catalyst.
With the aim of high‐efficiency utilization of carbonate iron ore, a new beneficiation process of preoxidation‐reduction‐magnetic separation is proposed. This work focuses on the oxidation and decomposition behavior of carbonate iron ore during the preoxidation. Based on the single factor experiment and non‐isothermal analysis results, it shows that with the increasing of oxidation temperature and time, the oxidation degrees of carbonate iron ore increase rapidly. After oxidizing at 773 K for 30 min, the oxidation degrees OX 0 , D , and y 0 reach 97.36%, 99.12%, and 1.475, respectively. Besides, a porous structure forms with a large amount of cracks after oxidation which is beneficial to the gas diffusion. Then both the oxidation and the decomposition of carbonate iron ore are enhanced consequently. And the main phase and structure transformation of carbonate iron ore during the preoxidation is proceeded as follow as FeCO 3 (rhombohedral crystal) → Fe 3 O 4 (cubic crystal) → γ‐Fe 2 O 3 (cubic crystal) → α‐Fe 2 O 3 (rhombohedral crystal). Moreover, the nearest mechanism for carbonate iron ore decomposition within 650–950 K is F1 model, which is random nucleation and subsequent growth. And the values of activation energy and pre‐exponential factor are 220.64 kJ mol −1 and 1.510 × 10 14 min −1 , respectively.