In general, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is widely used in various technologies of the food industries. The aims of this study were preparation, characterization and optimization of a novel nanosize formulation of β-CD NPs loaded with GR. In the current study optimum conditions for maximum encapsulation efficiency and loading of geraniol using response surface methodology (RSM) was assessed. Furthermore, the in-vitro antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. enteritidis, E. coli, C. albicans and A. niger were studied. The present study is the first to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the GR inclusion complexes in nanosize formulations. The GR complexes were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, antimicrobial activity of the inclusion complexes (IC) against bacteria and fungi were assessed. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and inhibition zones of the GR-β-CD inclusion complexes were calculated using agar/broth dilution and agar well-diffusion methods. The EE and loading values of the optimized formulation included 87.25 and 10.45%, respectively, with a size distribution of 117 nm ±1 and appropriate particle size distribution (PDI). Moreover, SEM, IR and DSC verified fabrication of inclusion complexes between GR and β-CD. The inhibition zones of β-CD-GR complexes were recorded as the following order: Bacillus cereus > Staphylococcus aureus > Salmonella entritidis > Escherichia coli. The RSM technique allowed to prepare geraniol nanoinclusion complexes using β-cyclodextrin with optimum responses. The antimicrobial activity of GR highly enhanced after efficient complexation. This study generates appropriate information for application of inclusion complexes of GR.
Introduction: The amount of heavey metal elements in tea mighg have significant impact on human health. In the present study, the amount of heavy metal elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) in some imported tea samples and local tea samples cultivated in Iran have been evaluated.
Materials and Methods: The Tea samples were prepared by three different methods including Digestion, Brew and Infusion and the concentration of heavy metals in the prepared samples were measured by ICP-OES and ICP-MS.
Results: Aluminum with a concentration of 853.9 µg/g and the cadmium element with the concentration of 0.99 µg/g were found to be the highest and lowest in the samples examind, respectively. Among the extraction methods, the concentration of extracted elements in digestion method was significantly higher than other methods. The statistical analysis of the obtained results by ICP-OES and ICP-MS revealed that there is no significant difference between the detected concentrations of Al, Zn, Fe, Cu and Cd eighter in the local or imported tea samples in each of the extraction methods. The obtained result showed that the amount of detected Pb in the ICP-MS technique for both internal and imported tea samples is significantly higher than those of ICP-OES technique.
Conclusion: Concentrations of all metal elements in the studied tea samples were significantly higher than of standard reference (NIESNO.7). However, the estimated daily intake of all elements for each adult person is still within the allowable level of the World Health Organization.
Background: Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) are important environmental contaminants. There is no biological monitoring of exposure to these heavy metals and their potential effect on dental caries in children in Tehran, Iran, a polluted megacity. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential association between Pb and Cd levels in primary teeth and saliva and dental caries.Methods: In a cross-sectional design, 211 children aged 6-11 years referred to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry and residing in Tehran were examined. Pb and Cd levels of exfoliated primary teeth and stimulated saliva were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Dental caries prevalence was evaluated according to WHO criteria. Socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior, snacking frequency and salivary pH data were acquired as confounding factors. Frequency and percentages were reported for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables, and geometric mean for skewed continuous variables. A simple linear regression and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analyses. P-values < 0.05 were considered as significant.Result: The mean (95% confidence interval) Pb and Cd levels in teeth were 213.26 ppb (15.53-2929.22) and 23.75 ppb (20.86-27.05), respectively. The mean Pb and Cd levels in saliva were 11.83 ppb (10.71-13.06) and 3.18 ppb (2.69-3.75), respectively. Furthermore, Pb and Cd in primary teeth and saliva were not associated (p>0.05) with socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior and snacking frequency.Conclusion: This study showed no association between Pb and Cd concentrations in primary teeth and in saliva with dental caries prevalence.
The synthesis of some fluorescent 2,6‐dicyano‐3,5‐disubstituted anilines using cellulose sulfuric acid (Cellulose‐ SA ) as an environmentally benign catalyst in H 2 O is described. The one‐pot reaction of 1,3‐diketone and three equiv. of malononitrile was carried out in the presence of one equiv. of a secondary amine, Cellulose‐ SA as catalyst, and H 2 O as solvent. The photophysical properties ( λ Abs. , λ Flu. ) of the synthesized compounds in CH 2 Cl 2 , Me CN , and Me OH have been measured. The emission spectra of the new compounds in the solid state are also reported.
Azo compounds are among the largest and oldest classes of synthetic dyes produced on an industrial scale1 with such applications as textile fiber dyeing,2 inkjet printing 1,3 sensors 2,4 liquid cry...
'%3e%3cg id='e'%3e%3cg id='c' fill='none' stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='2'%3e%3cpath id='b' d='M0 1h26M1 10V5h8v4h8V5h-5M4 9h2m20 0h-5V5h8m0-5v9h8V0m-4 0v9' transform='scale(1.4)'/%3e%3cpath id='a' d='M0 7h9m1 0h9' transform='scale(2.8)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' y='120'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' y='145.2'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cg id='d'%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='56'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='112'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='168'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' x='168'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23e' x='392'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cg fill='%23da0000' transform='matrix(45 0 0 45 315 180)'%3e%3cg id='f'%3e%3cpath d='M-.548.836A.912.912 0 0 0 .329-.722 1 1 0 0 1-.548.836'/%3e%3cpath d='M.618.661A.764.764 0 0 0 .422-.74 1 1 0 0 1 .618.661M0 1l-.05-1L0-.787a.31.31 0 0 0 .118.099V-.1l-.04.993zM-.02-.85 0-.831a.144.144 0 0 0 .252-.137A.136.136 0 0 1 0-.925'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23f' transform='scale(-1 1)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)