Shashi Meena

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

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Neha Kumawat

University of Rajasthan

Vinod Kumari

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University

Sheel Yadav

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

Pooja Meena

Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre

Pradeep Kumar Jain

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology

Ajay Arora

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Sudhir Kumar

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Sukumar Taria

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Yashwant K. Yadava

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology

Ramesh Prajapat

Creative Commons

Cooperative Institutions

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

University of Rajasthan

Central Agricultural University

Indian Institute of Soybean Research

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University

Central Institute of Fisheries Education

Banaras Hindu University

Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute

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Developing Crop Varieties by Physiological Breeding for Improving Plant Nutrition

Sukumar Taria Shashi Meena Shivani Nagar Sudhir Kumar Ajay Arora

Living organism acquires and utilizes the nutrients from soil through a process called as nutrition for growth and development. These nutrients may be acquired from various sources. Plants and cyanobacteria harness the sunlight energy, which is converted to chemical energy by a process called as photosynthesis. Plants are the primary producers and are the main source of nutrients for most living organisms. Animals, including humans, require many nutrients for their vital functions and proper growth and developmental process that are only synthesized by plants. Therefore, to fulfill the global demand, there will be a need of adapting and improving crop varieties according to the changing climatic conditions; hence, it is an "endless talk." For millions of years, humans have selected desirable traits of crop plants, and presently the major cereal crops are domesticated from wild relatives which are the main source for human and animal nutrition. Thus, several tactics such as conventional and molecular breeding, transgenic approaches, and various agronomical practices provide a new area for the development of nutrient supplemented crops, hence ensuring food security. This chapter mainly focuses on methods currently used for improving nutritional quality of plants and how they are being subjugated to increase the level of particular nutrients in desirable plant species to improve human health.

Essential nutrient

Human nutrition

10.1007/978-981-19-7498-4_4

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Standardizing In-Vivo Mass Production Technique for Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora (Nematoda: Heterorhabditdae)

Vinod Kumari S. V. Shinde N. P. Singh Shashi Meena

Biological control is a need of hour to protect crops in a sustainable manner without disturbing ecological balance. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have a potential to be used effectively and selectively as inoculative agents for classical biological control. EPNs production can be done in both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro multiplication methods need elaborate laboratory establishment while in vivo multiplication of nematodes can be under taken with minimum facilities. Enhanced effectiveness of EPN application can be assisted through advanced diet used for their mass production. Therefore, in vivo method was preferred during present studies aimed at standardizing mass production technology for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora that can easily be adopted at village or Panchayat level. Different cost-effective diets used for rearing Galleria mellonella (GWM) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were standardized to show their effect on development and production of in vivo mass production of EPNs on GM larvae.Diet consisting of maize flour (400g), wheat flour, wheat bran, milk powder (200g each), yeast (100g), glycerol (350ml) and honey (350ml) was found best among all the diets tested for rearing GWM with 93.5 percent larvae surviving to cocoon formation stage and average larval weight of ca 300mg for inoculating 5 GWM larvae in 50 mm diameter inoculation arena, 0.5 ml of formalin solution (0.1 percent) was found to create optimum moisture in the arena to give quick mortality of GWM.

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

Entomopathogenic nematode

Heterorhabditis

10.2139/ssrn.4524887

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List of contributors

Elsevier eBooks (2023)

Marcia Fajardo Cavalcanti de Albuquerque anubhuti Anubhuti K. Aruna Raju Baitha Pradyut Biswas

10.1016/b978-0-323-99145-2.00023-9

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Soybean Improvement for Waterlogging Tolerance

Springer eBooks (2022)

Subhash Chandra Reecha T. Das Shivani Nagar Gyanesh K. Satpute Giriraj Kumawat

Waterlogging (archaeology)

Chlorosis

10.1007/978-3-031-12232-3_3

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Roles of Brassinosteroids in Abiotic Stresses

CRC Press eBooks (2024)

Shashi Meena Sheel Yadav Sukumar Taria Sudhir Kumar Shivani Nagar

Various biotic and abiotic stress factors influence plant tolerance and adaptability, which impact crop output. Abiotic stresses like salt, extreme temperatures and drought decrease agricultural yield, raising food security concerns. Plants require air, water, light, nutrients and phytohormones for optimal growth. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are polyhydroxylated steroidal compounds that regulate physiological processes in plants. BRs confer tolerance to abiotic stresses and interact with transcription factors and other hormones. They regulate antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity and glucose metabolism, enhancing plant development under stress. This chapter focuses on the stress-reducing functions of BRs against abiotic pressures.

10.1201/9781003335788-13

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Understanding the Role of Gibberellic Acid and Paclobutrazol in Terminal Heat Stress Tolerance in Wheat

Frontiers in Plant Science (2021)

Shivani Nagar Vijay Pratap Singh Ajay Arora Rajkumar Dhakar Neera Singh

Understanding the physiological mechanism of tolerance under stress conditions is an imperative aspect of the crop improvement programme. The role of plant hormones is well-established in abiotic stress tolerance. However, the information on the role of gibberellic acid (GA) in abiotic stress tolerance in late sown wheat is still not thoroughly explored. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of endogenous GA 3 level in stress tolerance in contrasting wheat cultivars, viz ., temperature-tolerant (HD 2643 and DBW 14) and susceptible (HD 2189 and HD 2833) cultivars under timely and late sown conditions. We created the variation in endogenous GA 3 level by exogenous spray of GA 3 and its biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ). Tolerant genotypes had higher antioxidant enzyme activity, membrane stability, and photosynthesis rate, lower lipid peroxidase activity, and better growth and yield traits under late sown conditions attributed to H 2 O 2 content. Application of PBZ escalated antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthesis rate, and reduced the lipid peroxidation and ion leakage in stress, leading to improved thermotolerance. GA 3 had a non-significant effect on antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and membrane stability. However, GA 3 application increased the test weight in HD 2643 and HD 2833 under timely and late sown conditions. GA 3 upregulated GA biosynthesis and degradation pathway genes, and PBZ downregulated kaurene oxidase and GA 2 ox gene expression. GA 3 also upregulated the expression of the cell expansins gene under both timely and late sown conditions. Exogenous GA 3 did not increase thermotolerance but positively affected test weight and cell expansins gene expression. No direct relationship existed between endogenous GA 3 content and stress tolerance traits, indicating that PBZ could have conferred thermotolerance through an alternative mechanism instead of inhibiting GA 3 biosynthesis.

Paclobutrazol

Gibberellic acid

APX

10.3389/fpls.2021.692252

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Insecticide resistance status of Aedes mosquito vector in India: A review

International Journal of Mosquito Research (2021)

Neha Kumawat Shashi Meena Vinod Kumari

In India, Aedes mosquitoes are well prevalent and play a key role in the transmission of vector borne diseases. Vector management is principally carried out by using various chemical insecticides since long, but consistent use has led to developing insecticide resistance which restricts the effectiveness of the control strategy. This review highlights the pieces of evidence on developing resistance level to major classes of chemical insecticides such as carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates and pyrethroids with mechanisms of developed resistance in various regions of India. Insecticide resistant mechanisms which altered susceptibilities to insecticides can be categorized into two major groups as target site sensitivity and metabolic detoxification. Among different provinces of India, maximum level of resistance was observed against organochlorines (72%) followed by organophosphates (28%), pyrethroids (28%) and carbamates (16%). A summarized data on insecticide resistance status from all over India will be helpful to improve resistance management and epidemic disease control.

Insecticide Resistance

Mosquito control

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Introduction to Plant Nitrogen Metabolism

CRC Press eBooks (2022)

Sukumar Taria Ajay Arora Badre Alam Sushil Kumar Ashok K. Yadav

Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for the growth and development in plants. It serves as a vital constituent of various biomolecules and thus regulates diverse metabolic processes. Nitrate and ammonium are the two important nitrogen forms that are available in soils for plant assimilation. Most of the nitrogen that is absorbed by the plant as nitrate is reduced into organic nitrogen compounds. Glutamine synthase (GS) and glutamine: 2-oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) pathways also play important roles in assimilation of ammonium nitrogen into glutamine and glutamate, respectively. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate aminotransferase also catalyze the conversion of nitrogen to glutamate and aspartate, respectively. Further, in this chapter, nitrogen metabolism under drought, heat, and salinity stress are discussed.

Glutamate synthase

Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen Cycle

Assimilation (phonology)

10.1201/9781003248361-1

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Ultrastructural changes in female reproductive organ of Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard induced by deltamethrin

IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (2014)

Shashi Meena Narendra Singh

Acridid grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard is known as surface grasshopper and is a most common polyphagous pest occurring throughout year causing significant damage to seedlings of crops and vegetables.Ultrastructural changes in the ovarian follicles of C. trachypterus Blanchard induced by deltamethrin one day after treatment were observed.Orthopteran insects have panoistic ovarioles and each of the paired ovary consists of tubular ovarioles along which are placed the oocytes in linear sequence that reflexes their progressive development.Each ovariole is divided into a terminal filament, germarium and a vitellarium.In the present study electron micrographs of ovarian follicle cells of females treated with deltamethrin showed prominent histopathological changes leading to vacuolization of cytoplasm, degeneration of the cell components of follicular epithelium and most obvious signs were observed of yolk damage and mitochondrial disintegration, when examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The present study indicates a profound effect on reproduction of the pest by deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid and suggests alternative of more hazardous synthetic organic insecticides.

10.9790/2380-07520106

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Applications of Nanoparticles in Agriculture Improvement- A Review

SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences (2023)

Sandeep Choudhary Pratap Chand Mali Ram Niwas Jangir Shashi Meena Rahul Tiwari

The field of nanotechnology is quickly developing and emerging since it has enormous potential for various human uses.With their unique, size-based physical and chemical attributes, nonmaterials generated and engineered through nanotechnology have many applications in biomedicine and agriculture.Theranostics is a branch of nanomedicine that uses small, highly surface-area nanoparticles to diagnose and treat diseases.Nanomaterials have a wide range of uses in agriculture, from fertilizers that improve soil nutrient uptake by plants to nano pesticides that control a variety of pests, including fungi, phytophagous insects, and weeds, increasing food output.Agriculture and food security are intimately connected, and many researchers are interested.Agriculture production depends on many difficulties due to the severe effects of climate change, water problems and changing the distribution of insect pests.Meanwhile, it faces tremendous challenges in maintaining food security for a massive population amid declining resources.Research is actively exploring the use of nonmaterial in agriculture due to their tremendous promise.Despite their good qualities, nonmaterial present risks to the environment and human health, necessitating risk assessment studies.Green nonmaterial synthesis may lessen the usage of toxic agrochemicals that pollute the environment and enter biological systems, providing an environmentally safe, environmentally friendly, and economically advantageous option.In this critical evaluation, nanoparticles are used in agriculture.

10.21276/ssr-iijls.2023.9.3.3

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