This dataset contains UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP) and near infrared (NIR) imaging data from the following publication: Altgen M., Awais M. Altgen D., Klüppel A., Koch G., Mäkelä M., Olbrich A., Rautkari L. (2022) Chemical imaging to reveal the resin distribution in impregnation-treated wood at different spatial scales. Materials & Design, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111481. The data was measured on small beech wood cubes (15x15x15 mm3) that were impregnation-treated with a low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin. Experimental details can be found in the publication. The file “NIR sample IDs with weight and dimensional changes.csv” contains the sample IDs as well as the weight percent gains and dimensional changes caused by the resin treatment of each sample in the dataset. To generate the NIR image files, a region of interest of 881 x 384 pixels was selected from the raw image files to produce an image that contains the sample surrounded by background. The spectral data was corrected using the calibration reflectance target values and then converted to absorbance. Each NIR image is stored in a separate MATLAB file (.mat) with the sample ID as the file name. The file "UMSP sample IDs.csv" contains the sample IDs of the UMSP images. The folder "UMSP image profiles.zip" contains the corresponding UMSP image profiles, which are stored as excel files (.xlsx) with the sample IDs as file names. The files contain the absorbance at 278 nm per pixel with a pixel resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 µm2.
This study assesses the potential of instrumented macrohardness testing for the fast and convenient characterisation of resin-treated wood. The effect of WPG (weight per cent gain; percentage mass of resin based on dry wood; high, low) and curing conditions (dry, wet) on hardness and indentation modulus of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was investigated for two thermosetting resins, phenol formaldehyde and methylated melamine formaldehyde. Thickness of the treated specimens broadly confirmed the findings of earlier studies that dry curing conditions increase degree of cell wall penetration. Dry curing resulted in equal or lower hardness, but it mostly increased indentation modulus. Hardness improvement seems to depend on the overall reduction of the void volume fraction in the wood, while indentation modulus depends on cell wall modification. Therefore, indentation modulus is expected to show a much better correlation with dimensional stability and durability of resin-treated wood than hardness.
This dataset contains UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP) and near infrared (NIR) imaging data from the following publication: Altgen M., Awais M. Altgen D., Klüppel A., Koch G., Mäkelä M., Olbrich A., Rautkari L. (2022) Chemical imaging to reveal the resin distribution in impregnation-treated wood at different spatial scales. Materials & Design, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111481. The data was measured on small beech wood cubes (15x15x15 mm3) that were impregnation-treated with a low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin. Experimental details can be found in the publication. The file “NIR sample IDs with weight and dimensional changes.csv” contains the sample IDs as well as the weight percent gains and dimensional changes caused by the resin treatment of each sample in the dataset. To generate the NIR image files, a region of interest of 881 x 384 pixels was selected from the raw image files to produce an image that contains the sample surrounded by background. The spectral data was corrected using the calibration reflectance target values and then converted to absorbance. Each NIR image is stored in a separate MATLAB file (.mat) with the sample ID as the file name. The file "UMSP sample IDs.csv" contains the sample IDs of the UMSP images. The folder "UMSP image profiles.zip" contains the corresponding UMSP image profiles, which are stored as excel files (.xlsx) with the sample IDs as file names. The files contain the absorbance at 278 nm per pixel with a pixel resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 µm2.
This paper summarises preliminary findings of a multi-technique exploration of the degradation of lignocellulose in the marine isopod Limnoria quadripunctata. Scanning electron microscopy revealed connections between the digestive gland and the hindgut that would permit the exchange of fluids between the two organs while the food mass is retained in place within the hindgut. This enables enzymes to be delivered to the substrate and breakdown products to be absorbed. FTIR and X-ray diffraction were used to show changes in wood chemistry during digestion. Cellulose crystallinity appears reduced after digestion, but lignin structure appeared little changed. NMR spectroscopy of animals under various feeding regimes measured the generation of breakdown products and levels of metabolites. Glucose was detected as a direct result of the animals feeding on 13 C-labelled straw. This is the first direct evidence of total cellulose breakdown to the monomer. The importance of oxygen levels during digestion was shown by direct measurement with microelectrodes and indirectly by observing feeding on substrates impregnated with anti-oxidants. The hindgut lumen was found to be relatively anoxic. The antioxidant BHT significantly reduces feeding rates under laboratory conditions. These findings taken together give a picture of the effects of the activity of the recently described suite of digestive enzymes on their substrate.
This study tested the possibility of determining Brinell hardness of wood by instrumented indentation without visually measuring the diameter of the impression. Hardness of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) and pine wood (Pinus sylvestris) was determined conventionally and compared with that extracted from the respective depth-sensing data. The standard Oliver–Pharr analysis needs to be adapted to the viscoelastic behaviour of wood by using a linear fit to the high load portion of the unloading curve for the determination of contact stiffness. Surface profiles of the residual impressions recorded with a laser scanning microscope revealed sinking-in around the indenter. Therefore, contact area needs to be calculated on the basis of an empirical area function that relates contact depth extracted from depth-sensing data and the visually determined contact area. The procedure offers a few advantages such as the possibility of extracting an indentation modulus and time saving for large test series.
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with aqueous solutions of phenol formaldehyde and methylated melamine formaldehyde resins and subsequently cured in an oven. One set of specimens was cured in plastic bags to avoid drying (wet curing) while another set of samples was heated and water was allowed to freely evaporate (dry curing). Macroscopic resin distribution was investigated using X-ray densitometry and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). During dry curing, the resins migrated to the wood surface resulting in a gradient. Wet curing resulted in even distribution of the resins because it was immobilized due to condensation and precipitation in the wood. Neither densitometry nor FTIR-ATR was found to be generally applicable for investigating resin distribution in modified wood. Wet curing resulted in low cell wall bulking as compared to dry curing, probably because resin precipitated before drying. Storing impregnated wood prior to curing under non-drying conditions ("diffusion phase") also reduced cell wall penetration and bulking.
Abstract Impregnation modification of wood with melamine formaldehyde resin reduces the adverse effects caused by moisture uptake, but the underlying modes of action are not fully understood. The present study showed that it is crucial to understand the sorption behavior of the pure resin when interpreting the behavior of resin-modified wood. Furthermore, the applied heat-curing conditions had a significant effect on the moisture uptake of resin-modified wood. At the same resin loads, dry curing conditions were more effective in causing a cell wall bulking effect than wet curing conditions. This reduced the water-accessible cell wall pore volume in dry cured wood and counterbalanced the moisture uptake by the resin. Deuterium exchange measurements suggested that the occupancy of cell wall pores reduced the number of simultaneously active sorption sites. However, there was no evidence that a swelling restraint or reduced mechanical relaxation affected the water sorption of resin-modified wood significantly.
This dataset contains UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP) and near infrared (NIR) imaging data from the following publication: Altgen M., Awais M. Altgen D., Klüppel A., Koch G., Mäkelä M., Olbrich A., Rautkari L. (2022) Chemical imaging to reveal the resin distribution in impregnation-treated wood at different spatial scales. Materials & Design, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111481. The data was obtained from beech wood board sections (75x15x25 mm3) that were impregnation-treated with a low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin. Experimental details can be found in the publication. The file “NIR sample IDs with weight and dimensional changes.csv” contains the sample IDs and the weight percent gains caused by the resin treatment of each sample in the dataset. To generate the NIR image files, regions of interest of 881 x 384 pixels (subsets a,b,c,d) or 2401 x 375 pixels were selected from the raw image files to produce an image that contains the sample surrounded by background. The spectral data was corrected using the calibration reflectance target values and then converted to absorbance. Each NIR image is stored in a separate MATLAB file (.mat) with the sample ID as the file name. The file "UMSP sample IDs.csv" contains the sample IDs of the UMSP images. The folder "UMSP image profiles.zip" contains the corresponding UMSP image profiles, which are stored as excel files (.xlsx) with the sample IDs as file names. The files contain the absorbance at 278 nm per pixel with a pixel resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 µm2.
Abstract Scots pine micro-veneers were subjected to hydrolysis with sulphuric acid or delignification with acidic sodium chlorite and a combination of both treatments. The tensile strength of untreated and treated veneers was determined at finite span (f-strength) and zero span (z-strength) under both dry (20°C, 65% relative humidity) and water-saturated conditions. Acidic hydrolysis resulted in significant strength losses in both testing modes and both moisture conditions, with the greatest strength reduction found for f-strength tested dry. After delignification, only f-strength under wet conditions was substantially reduced; dry f-strength and both dry and wet z-strength hardly changed. A combined treatment of prehydrolysis and delignification resulted in disintegration of the veneers, which made strength determination impossible. It was concluded that, in addition to cellulose, the hemicelluloses determine the f-strength under dry conditions, while lignin confers wet strength but appears not to contribute to interfibre adhesion and f-strength under dry conditions.
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