Abstract Biochar will be broken into tiny pieces for processes of production, transportation, and application, which causes dust emissions for those processes. Particulate matter (PM) released from biochar may have negative effects on human health and increase the atmospheric burden of shortwave absorbing black carbon aerosols. Pelletizing feedstock before the thermochemical conversion is expected to reduce the emission of PM in the processing and post-processing phases. Effects of application of pelletized biochar, produced from broiler manure at different pyrolysis temperatures, into an Andisol on soil physicochemical properties and crop yields have been investigated in this study. Effects of pelletizing and pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800 °C) on dissolution properties and soil physicochemical properties were completely different between phosphorus and potassium. Pelletized broiler manure–derived biochar can be used as fast-release potassium fertilizer regardless of pyrolysis temperatures. In contrast, the extraction pattern of phosphorus contained in the biochar significantly differed by pelletizing and pyrolysis temperatures. Plant dry yields and phosphorus uptakes in soils amended with granulated broiler manure-derived biochar were significantly higher than those in soils amended with pelletized broiler manure-derived biochar (e.g., 3.4 times larger in 800 °C). This result suggests that the breakdown of pelletized biochar into granulated biochar could improve interaction between phosphorus contained in biochar and roots. Pelletized biochar will be transformed into granulated biochar through the freeze–thaw cycle, dry–wet cycle, and rotary tillage over the long term. Therefore, pelletized biochar derived from broiler manure at higher pyrolysis temperatures can be novel phosphorus-supplying amendments over the long term. Graphical abstract
Plain woven carbon fabric reinforced polyamide (CF/PA) composite laminate was developed using hot-pressed processing with a vacuum-assisted system. Temperature-dependent mechanical properties of the CF/PA composite laminate under longitudinal compressive loading were examined. The compressive mechanical properties of the composite laminate decreased considerably with increasing the temperature to 120°C. The compressive strength and strain at maximal stress reduced rapidly below 80°C, while the compressive modulus declined slightly underneath 50°C. The glass transition temperature of the CF/PA composite was found to be about 50°C by the differential scanning calorimetry, which almost corresponded to the slight reduction of the elastic modulus at temperatures below 50°C. The time-dependent creep behavior of the CF/PA laminate under compressive loading at isotherms between 25°C and 50°C was studied. Creep strains of the CF/PA composite samples increased with rising temperature. The smooth creep compliance master curve of the CF/PA composite was obtained by shifting short-term creep compliance curves using the time–temperature superposition principle. The master curve provided a creep prediction to 961.6 days with the measured data in only 12.5 days.
This paper proposes a dependable visual control method for a small-scale helicopter with a wireless camera. The camera sometimes captures noisy images, and we cannot control the helicopter by directly using the captured images. The proposed method decides whether each captured image is noisy or noise-free in real-time. Noisy images are not used to make the control signal.
