Introduction: Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare and potentially lethal obstetric complication, commonly occurring during labor, delivery, or immediately postpartum. There is a paucity of data regarding incidence, risk factors, and clinical management. Our primary objective in this study was to evaluate clinical presentation of AFE and delineate anesthesia management of these cases.Methods: This 10 years retrospective multi-center cohort study was performed in five tertiary university-affiliated medical centers, between the years 2005 and 2015. All documented cases of AFE identified according to the ICD guidelines were reviewed manually to determine eligibility for AFE according to Clark's criteria. All cases confirming Clark's diagnosis were included in the cohort.Results: Throughout the study period, 20 cases of AFE were identified, with an incidence of 4.1 per 100,000 births. Average age at presentation was 35 ± 5 years. Seventy percent of cases presented during vaginal delivery, 20% occurred throughout a cesarean delivery, and 10% occurred during a dilation and evacuation procedure. The most common presenting symptom was sudden loss of consciousness in 12 parturients (66.7%), fetal bradycardia in 11 parturients (55%), and shortness of breath in 10 parturients (50%). Perimortem cesarean section was performed in 55% of cases, although only one case was performed in the delivery suite, while all others were performed in the operating room. Echocardiography was performed in 60% of the cases and all were pathological. Furthermore, 20% of cases were connected to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation machine. There was a 15% mortality rate of 15%. A further 15% suffered major neurological disability, 25% suffered minor neurological morbidity, and 45% survived without severe complications.Conclusion: AFE is associated with significant maternal morbidity. This study highlights the importance of providing advanced training for the delivery suite staff for cases of maternal cardiovascular collapse secondary to AFE and increasing awareness for this rare and devastating obstetric condition.
Spina bifida occulta occurs in 5-10% of the population, not all of whom display superficial signs. Attempted epidural puncture at the level of the lesion will almost certainly result in a dural tap. We report a patient who developed a postural headache after Caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia, in whom radiography of the spine later demonstrated spina bifida occulta. This problem has not been described previously, although it is unlikely to be an isolated case.
Summary A double‐blind randomised study was performed to assess the analgesic effect of epidural diamorphine, administered with bupivacaine, on primigravid women in labour. Fifty patients received 0.25% bupivacaine 10 ml via the epidural catheter as their initial dose; patients in Group I received diamorphine 5 mg with the bupivacaine. A 0.1% bupivacaine infusion was started at 10 minutes and bolus doses of bupivacaine were given if required. There was a significant reduction in rate of bupivacaine administration, pain scores at 20 and 30 minutes, number of supplements required, and degree of motor blockade in the diamorphine group.
Summary A randomised double blind controlled trial of freshly prepared 2% lignocaine with 1/200 000 adrenaline and 0.5% plain bupivacaine was conducted on 60 women undergoing elective Caesarean section. The use of the former enabled epidural blockade to above the T 6 dermatome to be established in a significantly shorter time than with bupivacaine (p < 0.005). The quality of sensory blockade and incidence of complications was similar in the two groups. The solutions were of similar potency as measured by the volume required per segment blocked. Motor blockade was more intense with 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (p < 0.03). More neonates had moderately depressed Apgar scores (5–7) at one minute in the lignocaine group but this difference was not statistically significant, and there was no difference in the distribution of Apgar scores at 3 minutes. Lignocaine with 1/200 000 adrenaline is a useful alternative to 0.5% plain bupivacaine when it is desired to establish rapidly epidural blockade for Caesarean section.